{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147108289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040382","title":"Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Intermediate Facilities for E-Commerce Logistics in Crowdsourcing Model","display_name":"Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Intermediate Facilities for E-Commerce Logistics in Crowdsourcing Model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147108289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/382/pdf?version=1775045809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/382/pdf?version=1775045809","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fuqiang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-0272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-0272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132574818","display_name":"Zhiyuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0679-7975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064132494","display_name":"Hualing Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-8842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hualing Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-8842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32523341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"382","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.8981999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transshipment","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4629000127315521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8981999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776234997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17134191","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","level":2,"score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110593043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300787","display_name":"Real-time data","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4037520","display_name":"Doors","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/382/pdf?version=1775045809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:022e6f14dbb946d2bdedd7f41f68b544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/022e6f14dbb946d2bdedd7f41f68b544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 382 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040382","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/382/pdf?version=1775045809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4787941873073578,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147108289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7147108289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,143],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2,187],"a":[3,49,146],"novel":[4],"variant":[5],"of":[6,16,37,127,190],"the":[7,14,74,99,102,106,124,128,153,180,188,198],"two-echelon":[8,147],"vehicle":[9,91,148],"routing":[10,149,194],"problem":[11],"(2E-VRP)":[12],"within":[13],"context":[15],"modern":[17],"e-commerce":[18],"logistics.":[19],"The":[20,131],"model":[21,104,151],"integrates":[22],"time":[23,157],"windows,":[24],"occasional":[25,27,56,67],"trucks,":[26,61],"drivers,":[28],"heterogeneous":[29,59,70],"regular":[30,60,71],"vehicles,":[31],"and":[32,42,58,69,95,111,121,138,159,162,175,183,202],"two":[33,100],"increasingly":[34],"relevant":[35],"types":[36],"intermediate":[38,53,113,160],"facilities:":[39],"transshipment":[40],"nodes":[41],"parcel":[43,83],"lockers.":[44,84],"Goods":[45],"are":[46,115],"transported":[47],"from":[48,81],"first-echelon":[50],"depot":[51],"to":[52,64,117,134,170],"facilities":[54,114,161],"via":[55],"trucks":[57],"then":[62],"delivered":[63],"customers":[65,80],"through":[66],"drivers":[68],"riders":[72],"at":[73],"second":[75],"echelon,":[76],"or":[77],"retrieved":[78],"by":[79],"designated":[82],"Given":[85],"significant":[86],"disparities":[87],"in":[88],"service":[89],"scope,":[90],"attributes,":[92],"delivery":[93],"rules,":[94],"cost":[96],"structures":[97],"between":[98],"echelons,":[101],"crowdsourcing":[103,129,154,199],"for":[105],"first":[107],"echelon":[108],"is":[109],"redesigned,":[110],"new":[112],"incorporated":[116],"expand":[118],"application":[119],"scenarios":[120],"further":[122],"enhance":[123],"operational":[125],"advantages":[126],"mode.":[130],"objective":[132],"aims":[133],"minimize":[135,139],"transportation":[136],"costs":[137],"customer":[140],"dissatisfaction":[141],"costs.":[142],"study":[144],"constructed":[145],"optimization":[150],"under":[152],"mode":[155],"with":[156],"windows":[158],"developed":[163],"an":[164],"improved":[165],"multi-objective":[166],"sparrow":[167],"algorithm":[168],"(IMOSSA)":[169],"solve":[171],"it.":[172],"Algorithm":[173],"comparisons":[174],"extensive":[176],"case":[177],"studies":[178],"validate":[179],"algorithm\u2019s":[181],"effectiveness":[182],"superiority.":[184],"Scenario":[185],"analysis":[186],"impact":[189],"crowdsourced":[191],"vehicles":[192],"on":[193],"decisions,":[195],"experimentally":[196],"demonstrates":[197],"model\u2019s":[200],"advantages,":[201],"derives":[203],"practical":[204],"managerial":[205],"insights.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}