{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140122418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030331","title":"Investigating Systems Complexity with the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Using Multiple Models: Introducing High School Students to Approaches in Mechanobiology","display_name":"Investigating Systems Complexity with the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Using Multiple Models: Introducing High School Students to Approaches in Mechanobiology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140122418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/331/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/331/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047306954","display_name":"Amanda M. Cottone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda M. Cottone","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112535272","display_name":"Zheng Bian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035942767","display_name":"Jianan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-8961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101713237","display_name":"Susan A. Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-0233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan A. Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-0233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073991141","display_name":"Talar Kaloustian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56505888","display_name":"Community College of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/00hm77b03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56505888"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talar Kaloustian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English, Community College of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English, Community College of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56505888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059832965","display_name":"Haowei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130402026","display_name":"Rebecca G. Wells","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca G. Wells","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","The Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37590171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"331","last_page":"331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.534600019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.534600019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.066600002348423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13600","display_name":"Science Education and Perceptions","score":0.03550000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanobiology","display_name":"Mechanobiology","score":0.832099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-thinking","display_name":"Systems thinking","score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-systems-methodology","display_name":"Soft systems methodology","score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syneresis","display_name":"Syneresis","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.34369999170303345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780171871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804676","display_name":"Mechanobiology","level":2,"score":0.832099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27177047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems thinking","level":2,"score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141846272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613474","display_name":"Soft systems methodology","level":4,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3952536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571327","display_name":"Syneresis","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834022","display_name":"Transfer of training","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779968149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034851","display_name":"Workforce development","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems theory","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/331/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee5ca5714640443fa6f123b25e208a6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee5ca5714640443fa6f123b25e208a6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 331 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030331","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/331/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140122418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7140122418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654350894","https://openalex.org/W1557291404","https://openalex.org/W1982613500","https://openalex.org/W1986234982","https://openalex.org/W1991950912","https://openalex.org/W2003027849","https://openalex.org/W2027429247","https://openalex.org/W2053982459","https://openalex.org/W2067224045","https://openalex.org/W2087184586","https://openalex.org/W2102099172","https://openalex.org/W2117678092","https://openalex.org/W2124322511","https://openalex.org/W2125115272","https://openalex.org/W2133318677","https://openalex.org/W2144248998","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2167953193","https://openalex.org/W2299484695","https://openalex.org/W2556210931","https://openalex.org/W2560414851","https://openalex.org/W2571195374","https://openalex.org/W2772482154","https://openalex.org/W2773354238","https://openalex.org/W2783353990","https://openalex.org/W2907739488","https://openalex.org/W2912446778","https://openalex.org/W2912704239","https://openalex.org/W2945630540","https://openalex.org/W2972657098","https://openalex.org/W2991909543","https://openalex.org/W2995538409","https://openalex.org/W2998931216","https://openalex.org/W3012427642","https://openalex.org/W3109817909","https://openalex.org/W3162531164","https://openalex.org/W3174449270","https://openalex.org/W4206516126","https://openalex.org/W4254431624","https://openalex.org/W4295136629","https://openalex.org/W4313551761","https://openalex.org/W4377292129","https://openalex.org/W4388178208","https://openalex.org/W4403770173","https://openalex.org/W4404900753","https://openalex.org/W4406140282","https://openalex.org/W4413470435"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,16,60,66,69,94,114,116,149,166],"developing":[2],"habits":[3],"in":[4,13,19,73,117,136],"complex":[5,40,103],"systems":[6,41,104,134,161],"thinking":[7,162],"using":[8],"STEM-integrated":[9],"perspectives":[10],"is":[11,51],"essential":[12],"addressing":[14],"education":[15],"workforce":[17],"needs":[18],"society.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,87],"study,":[23],"we":[24],"investigated":[25],"a":[26,52],"learning":[27],"intervention":[28],"that":[29,55,130],"incorporated":[30],"multiple":[31],"models":[32],"designed":[33],"to":[34,62,71,82,120,124,138,163],"improve":[35],"engineering":[36],"students\u2019":[37,100],"understanding":[38,101,140,170],"of":[39,46,86,102,141,147,160,171],"through":[42],"investigating":[43,91],"the":[44,47,84,158],"mechanobiology":[45],"Venus":[48],"flytrap.":[49],"Mechanobiology":[50],"transdisciplinary":[53],"field":[54],"integrates":[56],"biology,":[57],"engineering,":[58],"chemistry,":[59],"physics":[61],"explore":[63],"how":[64],"cells":[65],"tissues":[67],"sense":[68],"respond":[70],"forces":[72],"their":[74,118,139],"environment.":[75],"We":[76,97],"used":[77],"an":[78,168],"exploratory,":[79],"mixed-methods":[80],"approach":[81],"examine":[83],"impact":[85],"new":[88],"curriculum":[89],"on":[90],"flytrap":[92,142],"closure":[93],"prey":[95],"digestion.":[96],"then":[98],"evaluated":[99],"characteristics":[105],"(i.e.,":[106],"many":[107],"interacting":[108],"parts,":[109],"decentralization,":[110],"non-linear":[111],"interactions,":[112],"emergence,":[113],"adaptation)":[115],"ability":[119],"transfer":[121,159],"these":[122],"principles":[123,135],"other":[125,164],"systems.":[126],"Qualitative":[127],"analyses":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"students":[131,156],"articulated":[132],"key":[133],"relation":[137],"mechanobiology,":[143],"while":[144],"descriptive":[145],"summaries":[146],"pre-":[148],"post-surveys":[150],"suggest":[151],"broader":[152],"conceptual":[153],"gains.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"demonstrated":[157],"contexts":[165],"reported":[167],"enhanced":[169],"real-world":[172],"STEM":[173],"research.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}
