{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134963801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030294","title":"MORL-SGF: A Governance-Aware Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework with Digital Twin Policy Validation for Sustainable Smart Cities","display_name":"MORL-SGF: A Governance-Aware Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework with Digital Twin Policy Validation for Sustainable Smart Cities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134963801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/294/pdf?version=1773146889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/294/pdf?version=1773146889","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102733255","display_name":"Saad Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0913-8631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0913-8631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102733255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29631456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"294","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.6266000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.6266000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.10289999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blueprint","display_name":"Blueprint","score":0.7081000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reframing","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.3546000123023987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422321","display_name":"Blueprint","level":2,"score":0.7081000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5889000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187029079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958679","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/294/pdf?version=1773146889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1fc4848a93594929adfaa488990e44d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1fc4848a93594929adfaa488990e44d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 294 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/294/pdf?version=1773146889","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.44218161702156067}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134963801.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134963801.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2092553756","https://openalex.org/W2134576786","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2295959395","https://openalex.org/W2557671501","https://openalex.org/W2789150890","https://openalex.org/W2809148419","https://openalex.org/W2900981450","https://openalex.org/W2909474849","https://openalex.org/W2936901535","https://openalex.org/W2947430130","https://openalex.org/W2964657419","https://openalex.org/W2966386785","https://openalex.org/W2968091587","https://openalex.org/W2984045653","https://openalex.org/W3009311085","https://openalex.org/W3010825489","https://openalex.org/W3033458221","https://openalex.org/W3058802557","https://openalex.org/W3091266930","https://openalex.org/W3094380233","https://openalex.org/W3097060730","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3138924974","https://openalex.org/W3144879775","https://openalex.org/W3159557402","https://openalex.org/W3162156224","https://openalex.org/W3167424384","https://openalex.org/W3187418578","https://openalex.org/W3196307500","https://openalex.org/W3203054839","https://openalex.org/W4200163854","https://openalex.org/W4205161126","https://openalex.org/W4281770389","https://openalex.org/W4282551704","https://openalex.org/W4283378319","https://openalex.org/W4285032766","https://openalex.org/W4308037675","https://openalex.org/W4308741682","https://openalex.org/W4313036208","https://openalex.org/W4313646859","https://openalex.org/W4317734490","https://openalex.org/W4319318680","https://openalex.org/W4362732961","https://openalex.org/W4381661790","https://openalex.org/W4384202122","https://openalex.org/W4387004846","https://openalex.org/W4387017336","https://openalex.org/W4387442993","https://openalex.org/W4389762417","https://openalex.org/W4390913583","https://openalex.org/W4392015665","https://openalex.org/W4392240221","https://openalex.org/W4399546751","https://openalex.org/W4399898820","https://openalex.org/W4400876793","https://openalex.org/W4402342893","https://openalex.org/W4402979311","https://openalex.org/W4406279512","https://openalex.org/W4408317719","https://openalex.org/W4411047729","https://openalex.org/W4413800090","https://openalex.org/W4415267394","https://openalex.org/W4415360355","https://openalex.org/W4415368974","https://openalex.org/W7124442622"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"city":[1],"decision":[2],"systems":[3],"must":[4],"balance":[5],"conflicting":[6],"objectives":[7,25],"including":[8],"efficiency,":[9],"sustainability,":[10],"equity,":[11],"safety,":[12],"and":[13,18,26,35,56,75,90,95,109,125],"public":[14],"accountability.":[15],"Existing":[16],"AI":[17],"reinforcement":[19,49],"learning":[20,63],"approaches":[21],"often":[22],"optimize":[23],"isolated":[24],"rarely":[27],"provide":[28],"integrated":[29],"mechanisms":[30],"for":[31,106],"sustainability":[32],"alignment,":[33],"transparency,":[34],"pre-deployment":[36],"validation.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"introduces":[40],"MORL-SGF,":[41],"a":[42,61,81,104],"governance-aware":[43],"framework":[44,66],"that":[45],"integrates":[46],"ESG/SDG-aligned":[47],"multi-objective":[48],"learning,":[50],"Digital":[51,119],"Twin":[52,120],"(DT)-based":[53],"policy":[54,58,78],"validation,":[55],"Pareto-based":[57],"auditing":[59],"within":[60],"single":[62],"pipeline.":[64],"The":[65],"preserves":[67],"vector-valued":[68],"rewards":[69],"to":[70],"avoid":[71],"hidden":[72],"scalarization":[73],"bias":[74],"supports":[76],"auditable":[77],"selection":[79],"from":[80],"portfolio":[82],"of":[83],"Pareto-optimal":[84],"candidates.":[85],"MORL-SGF":[86],"is":[87],"validated":[88],"analytically":[89],"conceptually":[91],"through":[92],"formal":[93],"modeling":[94],"structured":[96],"evidence":[97],"synthesis":[98],"rather":[99],"than":[100],"empirical":[101],"deployment,":[102],"providing":[103],"blueprint":[105],"subsequent":[107],"simulation-based":[108],"real-world":[110],"implementation":[111],"studies.":[112],"Future":[113],"work":[114],"will":[115],"focus":[116],"on":[117],"large-scale":[118],"benchmarking,":[121],"stakeholder":[122],"preference":[123],"modeling,":[124],"deployment-oriented":[126],"evaluation.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
