{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133192094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030267","title":"BERT-Based Schema Matching for Integrating Heterogeneous Flood Data: A Case Study in Korea","display_name":"BERT-Based Schema Matching for Integrating Heterogeneous Flood Data: A Case Study in Korea","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133192094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/267/pdf?version=1772458701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/267/pdf?version=1772458701","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068793240","display_name":"Taeyoung Choe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeyoung Choe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1052-0104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127808611","display_name":"Mincheol Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mincheol Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3018-8609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127780542","display_name":"Kwangyoung Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878022262","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information","ror":"https://ror.org/01k4yrm29","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I878022262"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwangyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Headquarters Strategy Team, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Headquarters Strategy Team, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878022262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067744280","display_name":"Myungseok Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878022262","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information","ror":"https://ror.org/01k4yrm29","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I878022262"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myungseok Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Headquarters Strategy Team, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Headquarters Strategy Team, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878022262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127819714","display_name":"Ka Lok Man","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka Lok Man","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000615413","display_name":"Mucheol Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mucheol Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000615413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32155675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"267","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.2955999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.2955999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.2303999960422516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema-matching","display_name":"Schema matching","score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonization","display_name":"Harmonization","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.35040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777327318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408390","display_name":"Schema matching","level":3,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778493491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449072","display_name":"Semantic matching","level":3,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778180026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18378163","display_name":"Semantic heterogeneity","level":4,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/267/pdf?version=1772458701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6a52ace6f59471c8ec50cee34dfeb35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6a52ace6f59471c8ec50cee34dfeb35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 267 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/267/pdf?version=1772458701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G188766910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02217071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133192094.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133192094.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590065089","https://openalex.org/W1679882079","https://openalex.org/W2008896880","https://openalex.org/W2013093146","https://openalex.org/W2087805724","https://openalex.org/W2126516351","https://openalex.org/W2157060173","https://openalex.org/W2771788987","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2999223554","https://openalex.org/W3017715546","https://openalex.org/W3039695075","https://openalex.org/W3044423116","https://openalex.org/W3114106670","https://openalex.org/W3146259567","https://openalex.org/W3213102239","https://openalex.org/W4239025696","https://openalex.org/W4310041472","https://openalex.org/W4313471424","https://openalex.org/W4321448364","https://openalex.org/W4377024335","https://openalex.org/W4386298181","https://openalex.org/W4400613032"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrating":[0],"flood-response":[1],"datasets":[2,36],"across":[3],"municipalities":[4],"is":[5],"often":[6],"hindered":[7],"by":[8,19,63],"heterogeneous":[9],"and":[10,23,68,76,88,113],"non-standard":[11],"variable":[12,78,119],"names,":[13],"a":[14,50,64,83],"challenge":[15],"amplified":[16],"in":[17],"Korean":[18,85],"local":[20],"naming":[21],"conventions":[22],"linguistic":[24],"variation.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"addresses":[28],"scalable":[29],"schema":[30,52,142],"alignment":[31],"to":[32,70,96,117,137],"standardize":[33],"municipal":[34],"flood":[35],"with":[37,60],"reduced":[38],"manual":[39],"effort":[40],"while":[41],"maintaining":[42],"semantic":[43,72],"consistency":[44],"for":[45,101,144],"downstream":[46],"modeling.":[47],"We":[48],"propose":[49],"BERT-based":[51],"matching":[53],"framework":[54],"that":[55,122],"augments":[56],"standardized":[57,75],"attribute":[58],"names":[59,79],"paraphrases":[61],"generated":[62],"generative":[65],"language":[66],"model":[67],"filtered":[69],"reduce":[71],"drift.":[73],"Both":[74],"target":[77],"are":[80,91],"encoded":[81],"using":[82],"flood-domain-adapted":[84],"BERT":[86],"model,":[87],"candidate":[89],"correspondences":[90],"retrieved":[92],"via":[93],"cosine-similarity":[94],"ranking":[95],"produce":[97],"top-k":[98,126],"match":[99],"suggestions":[100],"automated":[102],"or":[103],"human-in-the-loop":[104],"alignment.":[105],"Experiments":[106],"on":[107],"real":[108],"flood-related":[109],"tables":[110],"from":[111,135],"Busan":[112],"Incheon,":[114],"evaluated":[115],"jointly":[116],"diversify":[118],"expressions,":[120],"show":[121],"augmentation":[123],"substantially":[124],"improves":[125,134],"retrieval":[127],"accuracy.":[128],"In":[129],"the":[130],"combined":[131],"evaluation,":[132],"Hit@5":[133],"0.71":[136],"0.95,":[138],"supporting":[139],"more":[140],"reliable":[141],"harmonization":[143],"simulation-ready":[145],"inputs.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}