{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131709327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030233","title":"Synchronizing Concurrent Security Modernization Programs: A Systems Integration Framework for Post-Quantum Cryptography, Zero Trust Architecture, and AI Security","display_name":"Synchronizing Concurrent Security Modernization Programs: A Systems Integration Framework for Post-Quantum Cryptography, Zero Trust Architecture, and AI Security","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131709327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/233/pdf?version=1772033783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/233/pdf?version=1772033783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126934301","display_name":"Robert Campbell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136120","display_name":"Prince George's County Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/047137m93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1798-1455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126934301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136120"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":32.1453,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99022688,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"233","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.18320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.18320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.07180000096559525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11572","display_name":"Information Technology Governance and Strategy","score":0.06589999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-system","display_name":"Legacy system","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-open-group-architecture-framework","display_name":"The Open Group Architecture Framework","score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capability-maturity-model","display_name":"Capability Maturity Model","score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterprise-information-security-architecture","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-integration","display_name":"System integration","score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.34850001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105446022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy system","level":3,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161526643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738231","display_name":"The Open Group Architecture Framework","level":5,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85890633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929673","display_name":"Capability Maturity Model","level":3,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31139447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380386","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665453","display_name":"System integration","level":2,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10590034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048431","display_name":"Enterprise architecture","level":3,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85687889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy code","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/233/pdf?version=1772033783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c51a04b56e5846bbafd7b54d332aef17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c51a04b56e5846bbafd7b54d332aef17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 233 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/3/233/pdf?version=1772033783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5350441336631775,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131709327.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131709327.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"organizations":[1],"face":[2],"a":[3,79,123],"critical":[4],"systems":[5,107,211],"integration":[6,70],"challenge":[7,108],"when":[8,72],"executing":[9],"multiple":[10],"concurrent":[11,226],"security":[12,39],"modernization":[13,81,142],"programs.":[14],"This":[15],"paper":[16],"examines":[17],"the":[18,105,145,189],"U.S.":[19],"Department":[20],"of":[21,25,54,109,169],"Defense\u2019s":[22],"simultaneous":[23],"implementation":[24],"three":[26,140],"transformational":[27],"initiatives\u2014post-quantum":[28],"cryptography":[29],"(PQC)":[30],"migration,":[31],"Zero":[32],"Trust":[33],"Architecture":[34],"(ZTA)":[35],"deployment,":[36],"and":[37,47,60,117,222],"AI":[38],"assurance\u2014each":[40],"operating":[41],"under":[42,177],"separate":[43],"governance":[44],"structures,":[45],"timelines,":[46],"compliance":[48],"frameworks.":[49],"Through":[50],"systematic":[51],"evidence":[52],"synthesis":[53],"59":[55],"sources":[56],"(47":[57],"policy/standards":[58],"documents":[59],"12":[61],"performance":[62],"benchmarks),":[63],"we":[64],"identify":[65],"cross-program":[66],"dependencies":[67],"that":[68,94,184],"create":[69],"failures":[71],"programs":[73,113],"operate":[74],"in":[75],"isolation.":[76],"We":[77,121],"propose":[78],"shared":[80],"substrate\u2014a":[82],"four-layer":[83],"infrastructure":[84],"architecture":[85,191],"(Cryptographic":[86],"Services,":[87],"Identity":[88],"Management,":[89],"Analytics":[90],"Pipeline,":[91],"Policy":[92],"Orchestration)":[93],"enables":[95],"coordinated":[96,185],"execution":[97,208],"while":[98,165],"preserving":[99],"program":[100,207,220],"independence.":[101],"The":[102,203],"framework":[103,204],"addresses":[104],"fundamental":[106],"achieving":[110],"interoperability":[111],"across":[112],"with":[114,130],"misaligned":[115],"schedules":[116],"competing":[118],"resource":[119],"demands.":[120],"introduce":[122],"five-level":[124],"Triad":[125],"Convergence":[126],"Maturity":[127],"Model":[128],"(TCMM)":[129],"operationalized":[131],"indicators":[132],"enabling":[133],"repeatable":[134],"organizational":[135],"assessment.":[136],"Illustrative":[137],"application":[138],"to":[139,148,199],"DoD":[141],"contexts":[143],"demonstrates":[144],"framework\u2019s":[146],"ability":[147],"differentiate":[149],"maturity":[150],"levels.":[151],"Performance":[152],"analysis":[153],"synthesizes":[154],"published":[155],"benchmark":[156,175],"data:":[157],"enterprise":[158,223],"PQC":[159],"latency":[160],"overhead":[161,171],"is":[162],"modest":[163],"(measured),":[164],"tactical":[166],"environment":[167],"estimates":[168],"158\u2013383%":[170],"are":[172],"derived":[173],"from":[174],"extrapolation":[176],"packet-loss":[178],"assumptions":[179],"(modeled).":[180,202],"Scenario":[181],"modeling":[182],"suggests":[183],"incident":[186],"response":[187],"through":[188],"substrate":[190],"could":[192],"substantially":[193],"reduce":[194],"risk":[195],"exposure":[196],"windows":[197],"compared":[198],"siloed":[200],"approaches":[201],"transforms":[205],"fragmented":[206],"into":[209],"synchronized":[210],"modernization,":[212],"offering":[213],"practical":[214],"guidance":[215],"for":[216],"chief":[217],"information":[218],"officers,":[219],"managers,":[221],"architects":[224],"managing":[225],"technology":[227],"transitions.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}