{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127072165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020160","title":"Systematic Risk Assessment of Seawater Intrusion in Ports: Assessment Framework and Empirical Analysis","display_name":"Systematic Risk Assessment of Seawater Intrusion in Ports: Assessment Framework and Empirical Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127072165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/160/pdf?version=1770033401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/160/pdf?version=1770033401","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124804652","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100221","display_name":"China Waterborne Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013kb0k13","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124762454","display_name":"Zhen Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100221","display_name":"China Waterborne Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013kb0k13","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-0939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027553550","display_name":"Longjun He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100221","display_name":"China Waterborne Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013kb0k13","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longjun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Quality Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":9.3906,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95161076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"160","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.2874999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.2874999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.11670000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.08049999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tree-analysis","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater","display_name":"Seawater","score":0.7172999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming","display_name":"Global warming","score":0.366100013256073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107094494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428453","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","level":2,"score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.7172999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991897412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002254","display_name":"Seawater intrusion","level":4,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72161134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421219","display_name":"Expert elicitation","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/160/pdf?version=1770033401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf313ec3bdd743a9a2720914722c3d49","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf313ec3bdd743a9a2720914722c3d49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 160 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/160/pdf?version=1770033401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5562008023262024,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"},{"score":0.41748297214508057,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127072165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127072165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038660997","https://openalex.org/W2994618462","https://openalex.org/W3029727354","https://openalex.org/W3037085645","https://openalex.org/W3204665155","https://openalex.org/W4284891026","https://openalex.org/W4286716881","https://openalex.org/W4307816744","https://openalex.org/W4318312828","https://openalex.org/W4321596996","https://openalex.org/W4324132483","https://openalex.org/W4372199742","https://openalex.org/W4378471106","https://openalex.org/W4379538240","https://openalex.org/W4393193584","https://openalex.org/W4394930059","https://openalex.org/W4395957234","https://openalex.org/W4400002581","https://openalex.org/W4402305733","https://openalex.org/W4404914185","https://openalex.org/W4406409856","https://openalex.org/W4407252723","https://openalex.org/W4408059840","https://openalex.org/W4409999235","https://openalex.org/W4410338790","https://openalex.org/W4411845335","https://openalex.org/W4414105149","https://openalex.org/W4415746905","https://openalex.org/W4416665831"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"factors,":[1],"including":[2],"global":[3],"climate":[4],"change":[5],"and":[6,13,56,64,93,115,154,166,193,211,214,245],"rising":[7],"sea":[8],"levels,":[9],"increase":[10],"the":[11,44,48,52,57,77,85,89,101,105,111,119,124,127,134,141,145,159,169,174,199,227],"frequency":[12],"intensity":[14],"of":[15,38,91,104,118,123,130,144,168,183,191,230],"seawater":[16,25,68,131,149,184,209,231],"intrusion.":[17,69],"However,":[18],"most":[19],"previous":[20],"studies":[21],"have":[22],"not":[23,224],"regarded":[24],"intrusion":[26,132,150,185,232],"as":[27,75,138,158,233],"a":[28,234],"typical":[29,235],"accident":[30],"for":[31,164,243],"systematic":[32,228],"safety":[33],"risk":[34,180,206,250],"assessment.":[35],"In":[36],"view":[37],"this,":[39],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"comprehensively":[42],"employed":[43],"fault":[45,78],"tree":[46,79],"model,":[47,55,114],"\u201cMan-Machine-Material-Method-Environment\u201d":[49,106],"system":[50],"theory,":[51,177],"Bayesian":[53,112],"network":[54,113],"Attack-Defense":[58,175],"game":[59,176],"theory":[60],"to":[61,83,247],"conduct":[62],"qualitative":[63],"quantitative":[65],"analyses":[66],"concerning":[67],"The":[70,220],"main":[71],"research":[72,221],"results":[73],"were":[74,96,151,186,217],"follows:":[76],"model":[80],"was":[81,136],"applied":[82],"sort":[84],"hazard-inducing":[86],"factors":[87,147,156],"from":[88],"perspectives":[90],"nature":[92],"humans,":[94],"which":[95,203],"further":[97],"categorized":[98],"based":[99],"on":[100,110,148],"theoretical":[102],"framework":[103],"(4M1E)":[107],"theory.":[108],"Based":[109],"incorporating":[116],"assessments":[117],"existing":[120],"defense":[121],"conditions":[122],"target":[125],"port,":[126],"occurrence":[128,189],"probability":[129],"at":[133],"port":[135],"calculated":[137],"3.05%.":[139],"Simultaneously,":[140],"influence":[142],"weights":[143],"4M1E":[146],"quantified;":[152],"environmental":[153],"mechanical":[155],"ranked":[157],"top":[160],"two":[161,178],"contributors,":[162],"accounting":[163],"57.79%":[165],"29.70%":[167],"total":[170],"impact,":[171],"respectively.":[172],"Utilizing":[173],"key":[179,205],"evolution":[181],"paths":[182,207],"identified,":[187],"with":[188],"probabilities":[190],"7.627\u2030":[192],"4.164\u2030.":[194],"Typical":[195],"disaster":[196,237],"cases":[197],"clarified":[198],"underlying":[200],"mechanisms":[201],"by":[202],"these":[204],"triggered":[208],"intrusion,":[210],"targeted":[212],"prevention":[213],"control":[215],"measures":[216],"proposed":[218],"accordingly.":[219],"findings":[222],"can":[223],"only":[225],"deepen":[226],"understanding":[229],"marine":[236],"but":[238],"also":[239],"provide":[240],"technical":[241],"references":[242],"governments":[244],"enterprises":[246],"optimize":[248],"their":[249],"management":[251],"systems.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}