{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126122475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020142","title":"Research on Risk Measurement Methods of Scientific and Technological Innovation: A Dynamic Tension Model Based on Novelty and Adaptation","display_name":"Research on Risk Measurement Methods of Scientific and Technological Innovation: A Dynamic Tension Model Based on Novelty and Adaptation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126122475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020142","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/142/pdf?version=1769694651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/142/pdf?version=1769694651","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124181073","display_name":"Xiaoyang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108819649","display_name":"Haiyun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-3331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088365","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research","ror":"https://ror.org/005bk2339","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210088365"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China","Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstra\u00dfe 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-3331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstra\u00dfe 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124237219","display_name":"Robin Haunschild","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088365","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research","ror":"https://ror.org/005bk2339","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210088365"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Haunschild","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstra\u00dfe 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7025-7256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstra\u00dfe 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124205223","display_name":"Chunjiang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148850","display_name":"National Science Library","ror":"https://ror.org/04ndjyr10","country_code":"CN","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210148850"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunjiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-339X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Science Library (Chengdu), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148850"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121772284","display_name":"Xiao Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162962","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct4fn38","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162962"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and Technology Information, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology Information, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162962"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124237219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088365"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":25.3313,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98038254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"142","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.15569999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.15569999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.1256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14350","display_name":"Innovation, Sustainability, Human-Machine Systems","score":0.07119999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.9189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty-detection","display_name":"Novelty detection","score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantile","display_name":"Quantile","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.3382999897003174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.9189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778924833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7064603","display_name":"Novelty detection","level":3,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118671147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578714","display_name":"Quantile","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98108635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497275","display_name":"Phenomics","level":5,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989147100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063","display_name":"Evolutionary theory","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186037533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794803","display_name":"Innovation management","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020142","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/142/pdf?version=1769694651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c470abdf20cf4796b37e74ddc514e9a3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c470abdf20cf4796b37e74ddc514e9a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 142 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020142","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/142/pdf?version=1769694651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6786730885505676}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1878665083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72274113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4341780114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"tsqn202103069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7927701600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2022MG052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126122475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126122475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W915745573","https://openalex.org/W1485300768","https://openalex.org/W1779438992","https://openalex.org/W1877361684","https://openalex.org/W1964330471","https://openalex.org/W1971443820","https://openalex.org/W1973663126","https://openalex.org/W2005886497","https://openalex.org/W2012860784","https://openalex.org/W2047432222","https://openalex.org/W2047560491","https://openalex.org/W2048251016","https://openalex.org/W2052980568","https://openalex.org/W2066752129","https://openalex.org/W2072560848","https://openalex.org/W2100390860","https://openalex.org/W2104977387","https://openalex.org/W2109734372","https://openalex.org/W2113812196","https://openalex.org/W2117652747","https://openalex.org/W2121195498","https://openalex.org/W2122301051","https://openalex.org/W2131132747","https://openalex.org/W2135836755","https://openalex.org/W2141631351","https://openalex.org/W2154053722","https://openalex.org/W2154108459","https://openalex.org/W2164284962","https://openalex.org/W2169436065","https://openalex.org/W2303284028","https://openalex.org/W2316527894","https://openalex.org/W2324355742","https://openalex.org/W2476338581","https://openalex.org/W2515898195","https://openalex.org/W2554856970","https://openalex.org/W2807721473","https://openalex.org/W2895475109","https://openalex.org/W2947375192","https://openalex.org/W2969641109","https://openalex.org/W2993107135","https://openalex.org/W3121330059","https://openalex.org/W3123050710","https://openalex.org/W3176835866","https://openalex.org/W3177048599","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W4205189539","https://openalex.org/W4206661091","https://openalex.org/W4223921289","https://openalex.org/W4234249508","https://openalex.org/W4234989302","https://openalex.org/W4313451844","https://openalex.org/W4313545395","https://openalex.org/W4376505099","https://openalex.org/W4380894581","https://openalex.org/W4381272621","https://openalex.org/W4382657081","https://openalex.org/W4386525060","https://openalex.org/W4401898845","https://openalex.org/W4409160369"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grounded":[0],"in":[1,97,143,153,211],"knowledge":[2,46,56,197],"recombination":[3,47],"theory":[4],"and":[5,18,27,32,49,64,75,115,119,126,133,186,248],"innovation":[6,20,84,107,150,234,254],"tension":[7,108],"theory,":[8],"this":[9],"study":[10,96],"develops":[11],"a":[12,52,69,105,148,158,168,180,189],"novel":[13],"measurement":[14],"framework":[15,54,91,232],"for":[16,55,62,73,222,252],"scientific":[17],"technological":[19],"(STI)":[21],"risks":[22,43],"that":[23],"captures":[24],"the":[25,37,90,110,144,212,219],"dynamic":[26,81],"systemic":[28],"equilibrium":[29],"between":[30,113],"novelty":[31,63,114,156,178],"adaptation.":[33,65,116],"We":[34],"first":[35],"analyze":[36],"endogenous":[38],"mechanisms":[39,142],"through":[40,92],"which":[41],"STI":[42,74,111],"emerge":[44],"from":[45,139,237],"processes,":[48],"then":[50],"propose":[51],"classification":[53,71],"recombination,":[57],"along":[58],"with":[59,163,173,184,194,207],"quantifiable":[60],"metrics":[61],"Next,":[66],"we":[67,88],"introduce":[68],"risk":[70,85,124,202,214,220,235,246],"system":[72,112],"corresponding":[76,129],"quantitative":[77],"evaluation":[78],"metrics,":[79],"facilitating":[80],"monitoring":[82],"of":[83],"states.":[86],"Finally,":[87],"validate":[89],"an":[93],"empirical":[94],"case":[95],"natural":[98],"language":[99],"processing":[100],"(NLP).":[101],"Our":[102],"results":[103],"reveal":[104],"persistent":[106],"within":[109,147],"Emerging":[117,196],"phrases":[118,121,224],"reinforced":[120,176,205],"demonstrate":[122],"distinct":[123,141],"profiles":[125],"distribution":[127],"patterns,":[128],"to":[130,240],"differentiated":[131],"structural":[132],"evolutionary":[134],"regimes.":[135],"These":[136],"differences":[137],"stem":[138],"their":[140],"novelty\u2013adaptation":[145],"interaction":[146],"complex":[149],"system.":[151],"Specifically,":[152],"emerging":[154,223],"phrases,":[155,177],"shows":[157],"stable":[159],"positive":[160],"linear":[161,171],"correlation":[162,172],"Z-score,":[164,185],"while":[165],"adaptation":[166,187],"exhibits":[167],"significant":[169,181],"negative":[170],"Z-score.":[174,195],"In":[175],"displays":[179],"bimodal":[182],"association":[183],"demonstrates":[188],"robust":[190],"inverted":[191],"U-shaped":[192],"relationship":[193],"combinations":[198,209],"show":[199],"significantly":[200],"higher":[201],"scores":[203],"than":[204],"combinations,":[206],"high-novelty\u2013low-adaptation":[208],"consistently":[210],"highest":[213],"quantile":[215],"across":[216,227],"stages.":[217],"Moreover,":[218],"threshold":[221],"increases":[225],"monotonically":[226],"developmental":[228],"phases.":[229],"Thus,":[230],"our":[231],"advances":[233],"assessment":[236],"static":[238],"categorization":[239],"dynamic,":[241],"system-level":[242],"evaluation,":[243],"enabling":[244],"tiered":[245],"management":[247],"optimized":[249],"resource":[250],"allocation":[251],"high-potential":[253],"pathways.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}
