{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126017214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020137","title":"From Framework to Reliable Practice: End-User Perspectives on Social Robots in Public Spaces","display_name":"From Framework to Reliable Practice: End-User Perspectives on Social Robots in Public Spaces","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126017214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/137/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/137/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053511993","display_name":"Samson O. Oruma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5784-8481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19923696","display_name":"\u00d8stfold University College","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf7fp41","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19923696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samson Ogheneovo Oruma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Communication, \u00d8stfold University College, 1756 Halden, Norway","Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5784-8481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Communication, \u00d8stfold University College, 1756 Halden, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19923696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107945525","display_name":"Ricardo Colomo-Palacios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Colomo-Palacios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28660 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1555-9726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28660 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123870909","display_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-3835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10297872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"137","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6977999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.6977999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.06700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.034699998795986176,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6905999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6327000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4068000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6905999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6327000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777976496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541936","display_name":"Public participation","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45801056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273844","display_name":"Social intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/137/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13d42d9d8b29444093dcc1df0e459567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13d42d9d8b29444093dcc1df0e459567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 137 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/137/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.52789705991745,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6738646090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"321324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126017214.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2762694293","https://openalex.org/W3033651146","https://openalex.org/W3134972302","https://openalex.org/W3153174922","https://openalex.org/W3208958863","https://openalex.org/W4210930437","https://openalex.org/W4283212526","https://openalex.org/W4285247202","https://openalex.org/W4296208267","https://openalex.org/W4311955999","https://openalex.org/W4327909976","https://openalex.org/W4366319386","https://openalex.org/W4367663367","https://openalex.org/W4380238612","https://openalex.org/W4380568675","https://openalex.org/W4385301807","https://openalex.org/W4385417070","https://openalex.org/W4386996992","https://openalex.org/W4387460271","https://openalex.org/W4387873581","https://openalex.org/W4389216088","https://openalex.org/W4392646031","https://openalex.org/W4392646277","https://openalex.org/W4399375115","https://openalex.org/W4401588087","https://openalex.org/W4402263953","https://openalex.org/W4402412620","https://openalex.org/W4404029403","https://openalex.org/W4404773131","https://openalex.org/W4406124925","https://openalex.org/W4406924834","https://openalex.org/W4407129097","https://openalex.org/W4407594544","https://openalex.org/W4408988906","https://openalex.org/W4409113481","https://openalex.org/W4409766862","https://openalex.org/W4409886449","https://openalex.org/W4413294552"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"social":[1,40,61,237],"robots":[2,238],"increasingly":[3],"enter":[4],"public":[5,75,180,240],"environments,":[6],"their":[7],"acceptance":[8],"depends":[9],"not":[10],"only":[11],"on":[12,17,81,224],"technical":[13,206],"robustness":[14],"but":[15],"also":[16],"ethical":[18,86],"integrity,":[19],"accessibility,":[20,85,171],"transparency,":[21,87],"and":[22,48,59,66,77,88,102,112,131,172,209,228],"consistent":[23,132],"system":[24,218],"behaviour":[25],"across":[26,135],"diverse":[27],"users.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"reports":[31],"an":[32,38],"in":[33,50,72,97,120,144,159,179,239],"situ":[34],"pilot":[35],"deployment":[36,235],"of":[37,236],"ARI":[39,194,202],"robot":[41,62,71,195],"functioning":[42],"as":[43],"a":[44,73,151,185],"university":[45],"receptionist,":[46],"designed":[47],"implemented":[49],"alignment":[51],"with":[52,69,216],"the":[53,70,141,199,233],"SecuRoPS":[54],"framework":[55],"for":[56,154,193,232],"secure,":[57],"ethical,":[58],"reliable":[60,225],"deployment.":[63],"Thirty-five":[64],"students":[65],"staff":[67],"interacted":[68],"real":[74],"setting":[76],"provided":[78],"structured":[79],"feedback":[80],"safety,":[82,99],"privacy,":[83],"usability,":[84],"perceived":[89],"reliability.":[90],"The":[91],"results":[92],"indicate":[93],"strong":[94],"user":[95,133],"confidence":[96],"physical":[98],"data":[100],"protection,":[101],"regulatory":[103],"compliance":[104],"while":[105],"revealing":[106],"persistent":[107],"challenges":[108],"related":[109],"to":[110,128],"accessibility":[111],"interaction":[113],"dynamics.":[114],"These":[115],"findings":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"reliability":[119],"public-facing":[121],"robotic":[122],"systems":[123],"extends":[124],"beyond":[125],"fault-free":[126],"operation":[127],"include":[129],"equitable":[130],"experience":[134],"contexts.":[136],"Beyond":[137],"reporting":[138],"empirical":[139,166,214],"outcomes,":[140],"study":[142],"contributes":[143],"three":[145],"key":[146],"ways.":[147],"First,":[148],"it":[149,163,183],"demonstrates":[150],"reproducible":[152],"method":[153],"operationalising":[155],"lifecycle":[156],"governance":[157],"frameworks":[158],"real-world":[160],"deployments.":[161],"Second,":[162],"provides":[164,229],"new":[165],"insights":[167],"into":[168],"how":[169],"trust,":[170],"transparency":[173],"are":[174],"experienced":[175],"by":[176],"end":[177],"users":[178],"spaces.":[181,241],"Third,":[182],"delivers":[184],"publicly":[186],"available,":[187],"open-source":[188],"GitHubrepository":[189],"containing":[190],"reusable":[191],"templates":[192],"applications":[196],"developed":[197],"using":[198],"PAL":[200],"Robotics":[201],"SDK":[203],"(v23.12),":[204],"lowering":[205],"entry":[207],"barriers":[208],"supporting":[210],"reproducibility.":[211],"By":[212],"integrating":[213],"evaluation":[215],"practical":[217],"artefacts,":[219],"this":[220],"work":[221],"advances":[222],"research":[223],"intelligent":[226],"environments":[227],"actionable":[230],"guidance":[231],"responsible":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}