{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125837298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020134","title":"Industry 4.0/5.0 Maturity Models: Empirical Validation, Sectoral Scope, and Applicability to Emerging Economies","display_name":"Industry 4.0/5.0 Maturity Models: Empirical Validation, Sectoral Scope, and Applicability to Emerging Economies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125837298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/134/pdf?version=1769527884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/134/pdf?version=1769527884","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105036109","display_name":"Dayron Reyes Dom\u00ednguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-3796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dayron Reyes Dom\u00ednguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u015fov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-3796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u015fov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078976072","display_name":"Marta Beatriz Infante Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-8647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I908025542","display_name":"Polytechnic Jos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/0573cnq15","country_code":"CU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I908025542"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Beatriz Infante Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Informatics, Technological University of Havana \u201cJos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda\u201d (CUJAE), La Habana 19390, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-8647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Informatics, Technological University of Havana \u201cJos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda\u201d (CUJAE), La Habana 19390, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I908025542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123918071","display_name":"Aurica Luminita Parv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aurica Luminita Parv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u015fov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-1339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Bra\u015fov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105036109","https://openalex.org/A5123918071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":15.5305,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9691259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"134","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.723800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.723800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.03310000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.8077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-markets","display_name":"Emerging markets","score":0.7337999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5170999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.49059998989105225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.7337999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5170999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.49059998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777986313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989","display_name":"Industry 4.0","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779716410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444734","display_name":"Sectoral analysis","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180075932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333342","display_name":"Econometric model","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/134/pdf?version=1769527884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85df954ce6f942439b16ad648939e206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85df954ce6f942439b16ad648939e206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 134 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14020134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020134","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/2/134/pdf?version=1769527884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6255654096603394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322623","display_name":"Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325032","display_name":"Universidad de La Habana","ror":"https://ror.org/04204gr61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125837298.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125837298.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,191],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"academic":[4],"literature":[5],"analysis":[6,157],"of":[7,54,130,134,139,158,172,182],"75":[8],"Industry":[9,13,179],"4.0":[10],"(I4.0)":[11],"and":[12,21,31,47,50,71,99,103,136,174,185,206,209,220],"5.0":[14],"(I5.0)":[15],"maturity":[16],"models":[17,77],"published":[18],"between":[19,126],"2020":[20],"2024,":[22],"examining":[23],"their":[24],"empirical":[25,165],"validation,":[26],"sectoral":[27,104,167,204],"scope,":[28],"geographical":[29],"origin,":[30],"stated":[32],"applicability":[33,84,140],"to":[34,85,113,215],"developing-country":[35,86],"contexts.":[36],"The":[37,190],"study":[38],"combines":[39],"descriptive":[40],"profiling,":[41],"contingency-table":[42],"analyses":[43],"with":[44,95,178],"exact":[45],"tests":[46],"effect":[48,147],"sizes,":[49],"a":[51,195],"large-scale":[52],"synthesis":[53],"562":[55],"research":[56,196],"gaps":[57,160],"reported":[58,159],"by":[59,193,212],"model":[60],"authors.":[61],"Knowledge":[62],"production":[63],"is":[64,106,124],"highly":[65],"concentrated":[66],"in":[67,72,164],"single-country":[68],"studies":[69,97],"(77.3%)":[70],"developed":[73],"economies,":[74],"while":[75],"most":[76],"do":[78],"not":[79],"explicitly":[80],"or":[81,187],"implicitly":[82],"document":[83],"settings":[87],"(approximately":[88],"83%).":[89],"Empirical":[90],"validation":[91,201],"practices":[92],"are":[93],"uneven,":[94],"multiple-case":[96],"(33.3%)":[98],"surveys":[100],"(24.0%)":[101],"dominating,":[102],"coverage":[105],"strongly":[107],"skewed":[108],"toward":[109],"manufacturing,":[110],"limiting":[111],"transferability":[112],"other":[114],"sectors":[115],"relevant":[116],"for":[117],"emerging":[118],"economies.":[119],"A":[120],"statistically":[121],"detectable":[122],"association":[123],"observed":[125],"the":[127,131,137],"development":[128],"level":[129],"model\u2019s":[132],"country":[133],"origin":[135],"presence":[138],"statements":[141],"(\u03c72":[142],"=":[143],"17.13,":[144],"p<0.05,":[145],"moderate":[146],"size),":[148],"whereas":[149],"authorship":[150],"configuration":[151],"shows":[152],"no":[153],"substantive":[154],"association.":[155],"Thematic":[156],"highlights":[161],"persistent":[162],"deficits":[163],"rigor,":[166],"breadth,":[168],"SME":[169],"orientation,":[170],"operationalization":[171],"human-centric":[173],"sustainability":[175],"dimensions":[176],"associated":[177],"5.0,":[180],"availability":[181],"implementation":[183],"tools,":[184],"longitudinal":[186],"predictive":[188],"evidence.":[189],"concludes":[192],"outlining":[194],"agenda":[197],"focused":[198],"on":[199],"context-aware":[200],"designs,":[202],"broader":[203],"grounding,":[205],"greater":[207],"transparency":[208],"reproducibility,":[210],"supported":[211],"open":[213],"access":[214],"all":[216],"underlying":[217],"data,":[218],"codebooks,":[219],"taxonomies.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00"}