{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117776434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010037","title":"Investigating Risky Behaviors and Safety Countermeasures for E-Bike Riders in China: A Traffic Conflict Analysis Approach","display_name":"Investigating Risky Behaviors and Safety Countermeasures for E-Bike Riders in China: A Traffic Conflict Analysis Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117776434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/37/pdf?version=1767086559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/37/pdf?version=1767086559","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121672743","display_name":"Yikai Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yikai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-4371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074194583","display_name":"Zhengbin Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0352-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengbin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121667825","display_name":"Qunsheng Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunsheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042267540","display_name":"Jie He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-4233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-4233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121643844","display_name":"Xiaobo Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121643721","display_name":"Xiang Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121672743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60520218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"37","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.7709000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.7709000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.19779999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-logit-model","display_name":"Binary logit model","score":0.7009000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logit","display_name":"Logit","score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-logit","display_name":"Mixed logit","score":0.3580000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992215830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Binary logit model","level":2,"score":0.7009000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95057490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6883984","display_name":"Mixed logit","level":3,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87227347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100713","display_name":"Ordered logit","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190669063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282043","display_name":"Discrete choice","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989277270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168338","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989343102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402508","display_name":"Field survey","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/37/pdf?version=1767086559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a1b922634f54491bbc37fe8dcc584f94","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a1b922634f54491bbc37fe8dcc584f94","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 37 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/37/pdf?version=1767086559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2117305461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72371094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4645442791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72442007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117776434.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117776434.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W367727650","https://openalex.org/W1493790738","https://openalex.org/W1989294676","https://openalex.org/W2020618729","https://openalex.org/W2043773147","https://openalex.org/W2049538878","https://openalex.org/W2069725591","https://openalex.org/W2093528171","https://openalex.org/W2104312992","https://openalex.org/W2113506066","https://openalex.org/W2161231437","https://openalex.org/W2168885658","https://openalex.org/W2196938255","https://openalex.org/W2258735496","https://openalex.org/W2417144664","https://openalex.org/W2442535094","https://openalex.org/W2466770839","https://openalex.org/W2489370540","https://openalex.org/W2520420456","https://openalex.org/W2537355747","https://openalex.org/W2746044290","https://openalex.org/W2766283444","https://openalex.org/W2767362063","https://openalex.org/W2768800214","https://openalex.org/W2784073865","https://openalex.org/W2790070628","https://openalex.org/W2791521033","https://openalex.org/W2792621138","https://openalex.org/W2804734526","https://openalex.org/W2886785731","https://openalex.org/W2897717120","https://openalex.org/W2901672822","https://openalex.org/W2936877926","https://openalex.org/W2939188004","https://openalex.org/W2952641640","https://openalex.org/W2954349683","https://openalex.org/W2954783788","https://openalex.org/W2967041578","https://openalex.org/W2969295522","https://openalex.org/W2973275717","https://openalex.org/W2984439136","https://openalex.org/W2995817650","https://openalex.org/W3030637030","https://openalex.org/W3034692751","https://openalex.org/W3040681535","https://openalex.org/W3045735981","https://openalex.org/W3093503228","https://openalex.org/W3113784496","https://openalex.org/W3114620085","https://openalex.org/W3115545156","https://openalex.org/W3118928743","https://openalex.org/W3128226607","https://openalex.org/W3130316681","https://openalex.org/W3131573665","https://openalex.org/W3161816277","https://openalex.org/W3165517507","https://openalex.org/W3180609430","https://openalex.org/W3187309124","https://openalex.org/W3191679101","https://openalex.org/W3197613407","https://openalex.org/W3209460372","https://openalex.org/W4223476621","https://openalex.org/W4224326309","https://openalex.org/W4243322127","https://openalex.org/W4281619648","https://openalex.org/W4285708997","https://openalex.org/W4294876483","https://openalex.org/W4296218594","https://openalex.org/W4296335140","https://openalex.org/W4319873413","https://openalex.org/W4320000345","https://openalex.org/W4362617334","https://openalex.org/W4362630970","https://openalex.org/W4372233753","https://openalex.org/W4381085785","https://openalex.org/W4386306490","https://openalex.org/W4386325382","https://openalex.org/W4391722911","https://openalex.org/W4394577928","https://openalex.org/W4400854795","https://openalex.org/W4401096413","https://openalex.org/W4403092904","https://openalex.org/W4403906258","https://openalex.org/W4406125621","https://openalex.org/W4410001115","https://openalex.org/W4411118934","https://openalex.org/W4411981675"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"e-bikes":[3],"have":[4],"rapidly":[5],"gained":[6],"popularity":[7],"in":[8,14,51,77,92,129,182],"China.":[9],"However,":[10],"riders":[11,185],"frequently":[12],"engage":[13],"aberrant":[15],"behaviors,":[16,69,103],"posing":[17],"significant":[18],"traffic":[19,26,41],"safety":[20],"concerns.":[21],"Field":[22],"observation":[23],"combined":[24],"with":[25,127,164,170],"conflict":[27,78,110],"techniques":[28],"offer":[29,201],"an":[30],"effective":[31],"approach":[32],"for":[33,115,204],"identifying":[34],"risky":[35,67,194],"riding":[36,68,102,208],"behaviors":[37,195],"that":[38,54,148],"significantly":[39,154],"affect":[40],"safety.":[42,212],"This":[43],"study":[44],"aims":[45],"to":[46,57,187],"address":[47],"two":[48,160,174],"major":[49],"limitations":[50],"existing":[52],"research":[53],"can":[55],"lead":[56],"estimation":[58],"biases:":[59],"the":[60,71,149,158,197],"unsystematic":[61],"and":[62,70,100,117,131,136,141,196,209],"incomplete":[63],"inclusion":[64],"of":[65,74,179],"potential":[66],"insufficient":[72],"consideration":[73],"unobserved":[75],"heterogeneity":[76,128],"data.":[79],"Data":[80],"on":[81],"437":[82],"e-bike\u2013motor":[83],"vehicle":[84],"conflicts":[85],"were":[86,113],"collected":[87],"at":[88],"four":[89],"signalized":[90],"intersections":[91],"Hefei,":[93],"covering":[94],"21":[95],"variables":[96],"including":[97],"illegal,":[98],"negligent,":[99],"error-prone":[101],"as":[104,106],"well":[105],"sociodemographic":[107],"factors.":[108],"Appropriate":[109],"risk":[111],"indicators":[112],"selected":[114],"straight-line":[116],"angle":[118],"conflicts,":[119,172],"respectively.":[120],"A":[121],"random":[122,177],"parameters":[123,166],"binary":[124,139],"logit":[125,143],"model":[126,151],"means":[130],"variances":[132],"(RPBL-HMV)":[133],"was":[134],"developed":[135],"compared":[137],"against":[138],"logistic":[140],"mixed":[142],"models.":[144,161],"The":[145,192],"results":[146],"indicate":[147],"RPBL-HMV":[150],"provides":[152],"a":[153],"better":[155],"goodness-of-fit":[156],"than":[157],"other":[159],"Six":[162],"factors":[163,175],"fixed":[165],"are":[167],"positively":[168],"associated":[169],"high-risk":[171],"while":[173],"exhibit":[176],"parameters\u2014one":[178],"which":[180],"decreases":[181],"mean":[183],"when":[184],"fail":[186],"slow":[188],"down":[189],"before":[190],"turning.":[191],"identified":[193],"corresponding":[198],"targeted":[199],"countermeasures":[200],"practical":[202],"insights":[203],"regulating":[205],"unsafe":[206],"e-bike":[207],"improving":[210],"intersection":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-31T00:00:00"}