{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416192425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111015","title":"Development of the Procedural Waste Index (PWI): A Framework for Quantifying Waste in Manufacturing Standard Operating Procedures","display_name":"Development of the Procedural Waste Index (PWI): A Framework for Quantifying Waste in Manufacturing Standard Operating Procedures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416192425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13111015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/11/1015/pdf?version=1762954688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/11/1015/pdf?version=1762954688","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048149127","display_name":"Jomana Bashatah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jomana A. Bashatah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048149127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.4058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87692911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"1015","last_page":"1015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.1492999941110611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.10580000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-manufacturing","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","score":0.5726000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-operations","display_name":"Manufacturing operations","score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause-analysis","display_name":"Root cause analysis","score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-time","display_name":"Lead time","score":0.33219999074935913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137335462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.5726000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154742593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6753121","display_name":"Manufacturing operations","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130963320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401207","display_name":"Root cause analysis","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781468064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267117","display_name":"Lead time","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174998907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357662","display_name":"Work in process","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70726487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831575","display_name":"Ishikawa diagram","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200630231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099428","display_name":"Cleaner production","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13111015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/11/1015/pdf?version=1762954688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a17dc16f78d240d98e01c9ed80ffc37f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a17dc16f78d240d98e01c9ed80ffc37f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 1015 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13111015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/11/1015/pdf?version=1762954688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8018696107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2025R908","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416192425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416192425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020184475","https://openalex.org/W2033087976","https://openalex.org/W2046036800","https://openalex.org/W2077342641","https://openalex.org/W2079165067","https://openalex.org/W2127160769","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2154642947","https://openalex.org/W2418182109","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2753912198","https://openalex.org/W2770979082","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W3171016624","https://openalex.org/W4229712533","https://openalex.org/W4236859963","https://openalex.org/W4247749004","https://openalex.org/W4299353043"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"operating":[1],"procedures":[2],"(SOPs)":[3],"serve":[4],"as":[5,238],"critical":[6],"control":[7],"mechanisms":[8],"in":[9,56,253],"manufacturing":[10,51,75,114,217,255],"systems,":[11],"yet":[12],"systematic":[13,42,61,95,119,164,227,263],"approaches":[14,39],"for":[15,74,262,270],"quantifying":[16],"procedural":[17,37,64,104,116,122,142,213,250,264],"inefficiencies":[18],"remain":[19],"theoretically":[20],"underdeveloped.":[21],"Unlike":[22],"traditional":[23],"qualitative":[24],"SOP":[25],"analysis":[26,65,117,228],"methods":[27,148],"that":[28,136],"rely":[29],"on":[30,212],"expert":[31],"intuition":[32],"and":[33,184,188,203],"subjective":[34,146],"assessment,":[35],"current":[36],"optimization":[38,265],"lack":[40],"the":[41,85,93,109,126,138,155,239,247,254,259],"rigor":[43],"applied":[44],"to":[45,63,115,121,258],"physical":[46,57],"process":[47,58,186],"improvement.":[48,77],"While":[49],"lean":[50,99,113,169],"principles":[52,102,170],"have":[53],"demonstrated":[54],"effectiveness":[55],"optimization,":[59],"their":[60],"application":[62],"represents":[66,246],"an":[67],"unexplored":[68],"theoretical":[69,96,220],"domain":[70],"with":[71,103],"significant":[72],"potential":[73],"systems":[76],"This":[78,245],"research":[79],"addresses":[80],"this":[81],"gap":[82],"by":[83],"developing":[84],"Procedural":[86],"Waste":[87],"Index":[88],"(PWI)":[89],"framework,":[90],"which":[91],"establishes":[92],"first":[94,248],"integration":[97],"of":[98,112,141,229],"waste":[100,165,214,237,243,251],"identification":[101,166],"analysis.":[105],"The":[106,151,219],"framework":[107,153,192,221],"extends":[108],"seven":[110],"wastes":[111],"through":[118,193,225],"mapping":[120],"elements":[123],"identified":[124],"via":[125],"extended":[127],"Procedure":[128],"Representation":[129],"Language":[130],"(e-PRL),":[131],"creating":[132],"a":[133,226,230,268],"quantitative":[134,178,249],"approach":[135],"enables":[137],"objective":[139,182],"measurement":[140,179],"efficiency":[143],"where":[144],"only":[145],"assessment":[147,183,252],"previously":[149],"existed.":[150],"PWI":[152],"provides":[154],"following":[156],"three":[157,194],"key":[158],"advantages":[159],"over":[160],"existing":[161],"approaches:":[162],"(1)":[163],"using":[167],"proven":[168],"rather":[171],"than":[172],"ad":[173],"hoc":[174],"improvement":[175],"methods,":[176],"(2)":[177],"capability":[180],"enabling":[181],"statistical":[185],"control,":[187],"(3)":[189],"multi-perspective":[190],"analytical":[191,210],"complementary":[195],"calculation":[196],"methodologies":[197],"(weighted":[198],"aggregation,":[199],"maximum":[200],"constraint":[201],"identification,":[202],"root":[204],"mean":[205],"square":[206],"analysis)":[207],"providing":[208],"comprehensive":[209],"perspectives":[211],"across":[215],"discrete":[216],"contexts.":[218],"demonstrates":[222],"practical":[223],"applicability":[224],"respirator":[231],"fit":[232],"testing":[233],"procedure,":[234],"revealing":[235],"inventory":[236],"primary":[240],"inefficiency":[241],"(70.0%":[242],"score).":[244],"literature,":[256],"contributing":[257],"foundational":[260],"theory":[261],"while":[266],"establishing":[267],"methodology":[269],"future":[271],"empirical":[272],"validation":[273],"studies.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}