{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414668631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100855","title":"Understanding Trust and Willingness to Use GenAI Tools in Higher Education: A SEM-ANN Approach Based on the S-O-R Framework","display_name":"Understanding Trust and Willingness to Use GenAI Tools in Higher Education: A SEM-ANN Approach Based on the S-O-R Framework","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414668631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13100855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100855","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/10/855/pdf?version=1759110829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/10/855/pdf?version=1759110829","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8749-5573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8749-5573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiayuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8853-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayuan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8853-0942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377600","display_name":"Yun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7146-8290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371479","display_name":"Shanshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-0567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017881649","display_name":"Qian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-2535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011120470","display_name":"Jiajin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038103664","display_name":"Zhaolin Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7775-5352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaolin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7775-5352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038103664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.8749,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94304649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"855","last_page":"855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10068","display_name":"Technology Adoption and User Behaviour","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9254000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy-theory","display_name":"Expectancy theory","score":0.7687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-relationship","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","score":0.3560999929904938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.7687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777045944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12170198","display_name":"Zh\u00e0ng","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775995036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072628","display_name":"Interpersonal influence","level":3,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13100855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100855","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/10/855/pdf?version=1759110829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d9a2cfc059e40d890bc93dea20acee4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d9a2cfc059e40d890bc93dea20acee4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 855 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13100855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100855","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/10/855/pdf?version=1759110829","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G76107576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52275234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414668631.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971234322","https://openalex.org/W1973213502","https://openalex.org/W2005092827","https://openalex.org/W2011401412","https://openalex.org/W2037881738","https://openalex.org/W2107799291","https://openalex.org/W2136407476","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2499526086","https://openalex.org/W2622458265","https://openalex.org/W2740288927","https://openalex.org/W2763518769","https://openalex.org/W2768163292","https://openalex.org/W2778468755","https://openalex.org/W2800068874","https://openalex.org/W2899894730","https://openalex.org/W2905811773","https://openalex.org/W2961720344","https://openalex.org/W2963849010","https://openalex.org/W2970526411","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2994617605","https://openalex.org/W3005876361","https://openalex.org/W3007910004","https://openalex.org/W3008056513","https://openalex.org/W3013998503","https://openalex.org/W3044483028","https://openalex.org/W3087622653","https://openalex.org/W3089127450","https://openalex.org/W3092120518","https://openalex.org/W3102139770","https://openalex.org/W3104831984","https://openalex.org/W3110261028","https://openalex.org/W3113326708","https://openalex.org/W3120639414","https://openalex.org/W3134111219","https://openalex.org/W3139433464","https://openalex.org/W3146496344","https://openalex.org/W3161347133","https://openalex.org/W3174974115","https://openalex.org/W3198062477","https://openalex.org/W3214911045","https://openalex.org/W4221014470","https://openalex.org/W4224241146","https://openalex.org/W4224917915","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4280549083","https://openalex.org/W4281775337","https://openalex.org/W4309048115","https://openalex.org/W4311786576","https://openalex.org/W4319083882","https://openalex.org/W4320067347","https://openalex.org/W4320495408","https://openalex.org/W4323844743","https://openalex.org/W4367595583","https://openalex.org/W4368368904","https://openalex.org/W4379056190","https://openalex.org/W4380366353","https://openalex.org/W4382560004","https://openalex.org/W4382652828","https://openalex.org/W4385552734","https://openalex.org/W4386162441","https://openalex.org/W4386327447","https://openalex.org/W4386819477","https://openalex.org/W4387745889","https://openalex.org/W4389228108","https://openalex.org/W4389437528","https://openalex.org/W4390921168","https://openalex.org/W4391979556","https://openalex.org/W4395021149","https://openalex.org/W4396832356","https://openalex.org/W4398254105","https://openalex.org/W4401077562","https://openalex.org/W4401111556","https://openalex.org/W4402360979","https://openalex.org/W4403912447","https://openalex.org/W4404241800","https://openalex.org/W4406598861","https://openalex.org/W4409195719","https://openalex.org/W4409369911","https://openalex.org/W4410987596","https://openalex.org/W4411682533","https://openalex.org/W4412527072","https://openalex.org/W4413317945"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Student":[0],"trust":[1,51,111,136,189],"plays":[2],"a":[3,118],"pivotal":[4],"role":[5,48],"in":[6,15,41,52,79,131,151,209],"shaping":[7],"the":[8,46,54,88,94,156,170,185,192],"future":[9],"integration":[10],"of":[11,49,97,124,173,187,206],"artificial":[12,82],"intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"higher":[16,210],"education.":[17,211],"This":[18,182],"study":[19,183],"investigates":[20],"how":[21],"AI":[22,42,104,193,207],"Facilitating":[23],"Conditions":[24],"(FCs),":[25],"Performance":[26],"Expectancy":[27],"(PE),":[28],"and":[29,37,43,93,112,141,166,178,195,203],"task":[30],"type":[31],"influence":[32],"students\u2019":[33,147],"System-like":[34],"Trust":[35,39],"(AST)":[36],"Human-like":[38],"(AHT)":[40],"further":[44,159],"examines":[45],"mediating":[47,91],"human-like":[50,139,176],"fostering":[53,200],"willingness":[55],"to":[56,86,149,191],"continue":[57],"AI-assisted":[58,152],"learning.":[59,153],"Drawing":[60],"on":[61,121],"valid":[62],"data":[63],"collected":[64],"from":[65,155],"466":[66],"Chinese":[67],"university":[68],"students,":[69],"we":[70],"employed":[71],"partial":[72],"least":[73],"squares":[74],"structural":[75],"equation":[76],"modeling":[77],"(PLS-SEM)":[78],"combination":[80],"with":[81,126],"neural":[83],"networks":[84],"(ANN)":[85],"test":[87],"hypothesized":[89],"relationships,":[90],"mechanisms":[92],"relative":[95],"importance":[96],"influencing":[98],"factors.":[99],"The":[100],"findings":[101],"indicate":[102],"that":[103,161],"facilitating":[105,167],"conditions":[106,168],"significantly":[107],"enhance":[108],"both":[109,122],"system-like":[110,135,164,174],"usage":[113,179],"intention;":[114],"performance":[115,162],"expectancy":[116],"exerts":[117],"positive":[119,202],"effect":[120],"forms":[123],"trust,":[125,140,165,175,177],"particularly":[127],"strong":[128],"effects":[129],"observed":[130],"subjective":[132],"tasks.":[133],"Moreover,":[134],"positively":[137],"promotes":[138],"together,":[142],"these":[143],"dimensions":[144],"jointly":[145],"strengthen":[146],"intention":[148],"engage":[150],"Results":[154],"ANN":[157],"analysis":[158],"highlight":[160],"expectancy,":[163],"are":[169],"primary":[171],"determinants":[172],"intention,":[180],"respectively.":[181],"extends":[184],"application":[186],"interpersonal":[188],"theory":[190],"domain":[194],"offers":[196],"theoretical":[197],"insights":[198],"for":[199],"more":[201],"effective":[204],"patterns":[205],"adoption":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}