{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414141580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090794","title":"Port Investment Optimization and Its Application Under Differentiated Port and Industrial Risks Along the Maritime Silk Road","display_name":"Port Investment Optimization and Its Application Under Differentiated Port and Industrial Risks Along the Maritime Silk Road","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414141580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/794/pdf?version=1757426187","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/794/pdf?version=1757426187","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068103140","display_name":"Dongxu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-9254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-9254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112990503","display_name":"Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736872","display_name":"Tong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-5623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102027540","display_name":"Xin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-9304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028125849","display_name":"Jingyi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-685X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111038724","display_name":"Fuyu Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyu Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035329614","display_name":"Yu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105126617","display_name":"Zhejiang International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vwvvq12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105126617"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105126617","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035329614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105126617","https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3034551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"794","last_page":"794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13473","display_name":"Economic Zones and Regional Development","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.8446000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relocation","display_name":"Relocation","score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.570900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"Economies of scale","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","score":0.4047999978065491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.8446000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779019381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3499564","display_name":"Relocation","level":2,"score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.570900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131850264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383056","display_name":"Economies of agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662100","display_name":"Industrial park","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103382277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282640","display_name":"General equilibrium theory","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/794/pdf?version=1757426187","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2fd827e5686c43ffabd4a80bb53ac8a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2fd827e5686c43ffabd4a80bb53ac8a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 794 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090794","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/794/pdf?version=1757426187","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2362576429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024J127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6922527657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52572343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G936940531","display_name":"\u8003\u8651\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u6e2f\u53e3\u6295\u8d44\u51b3\u7b56\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"72001120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414141580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414141580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983634345","https://openalex.org/W2058787573","https://openalex.org/W2601682342","https://openalex.org/W2735167537","https://openalex.org/W2735705318","https://openalex.org/W2746374761","https://openalex.org/W2770783664","https://openalex.org/W2905775629","https://openalex.org/W2914857575","https://openalex.org/W2920760929","https://openalex.org/W2920902661","https://openalex.org/W2921725111","https://openalex.org/W3005928419","https://openalex.org/W3035638146","https://openalex.org/W3090287572","https://openalex.org/W3159131883","https://openalex.org/W3167316877","https://openalex.org/W3182516494","https://openalex.org/W3193283206","https://openalex.org/W3196340630","https://openalex.org/W4210856371","https://openalex.org/W4280609332","https://openalex.org/W4281263042","https://openalex.org/W4290754950","https://openalex.org/W4306783239","https://openalex.org/W4308832150","https://openalex.org/W4309329778","https://openalex.org/W4317936140","https://openalex.org/W4322624955","https://openalex.org/W4324135788","https://openalex.org/W4361027521","https://openalex.org/W4365140159","https://openalex.org/W4379805616","https://openalex.org/W4393986759","https://openalex.org/W4394855312","https://openalex.org/W4400495232","https://openalex.org/W4402781974","https://openalex.org/W4403914158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370020071","https://openalex.org/W3116670011","https://openalex.org/W2910005075","https://openalex.org/W2388444582","https://openalex.org/W3149372025","https://openalex.org/W2741085295","https://openalex.org/W2513953523","https://openalex.org/W2503721857","https://openalex.org/W2505548368","https://openalex.org/W2393629506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,4,21,39,78,81,120,126,144,156,165,175],"implementation":[2],"of":[3,41,85,128,147,167],"Belt":[5],"and":[6,17,37,59,83,90,100,174,185],"Road":[7,24],"Initiative":[8],"(BRI)":[9],"in":[10,62,69,80,171,201],"2013,":[11],"Chinese":[12,199],"enterprises":[13,200],"have":[14,72,96],"expanded":[15],"port":[16,52,89,93,130],"industrial":[18,48,91],"investments":[19,33],"along":[20,155],"Maritime":[22],"Silk":[23],"(MSR),":[25],"forming":[26],"a":[27,109,137,159],"mutually":[28],"reinforcing":[29],"coupled":[30],"system.":[31],"Port":[32],"reduce":[34],"transportation":[35],"costs":[36],"promote":[38],"relocation":[40],"industries":[42,148],"to":[43,77,118,142,189],"host":[44,63],"countries.":[45],"In":[46],"turn,":[47],"agglomeration":[49],"further":[50],"promotes":[51],"investment.":[53,192],"However,":[54],"risks":[55,86],"arising":[56],"from":[57],"political":[58],"economic":[60],"uncertainties":[61],"countries,":[64],"as":[65,67,158],"well":[66],"fluctuations":[68],"international":[70],"relations,":[71],"become":[73,97],"increasingly":[74],"prominent.":[75],"Due":[76],"differences":[79],"types":[82],"levels":[84],"faced":[87],"by":[88,124],"investments,":[92],"investment":[94,122,177,204],"decisions":[95],"more":[98],"complex":[99],"uncertain.":[101],"To":[102],"address":[103],"this":[104,106,162],"issue,":[105],"study":[107],"constructs":[108],"bi-level":[110],"optimization":[111],"model.":[112],"The":[113,132,193],"upper":[114],"model":[115,134],"(UM)":[116],"aims":[117],"maximize":[119],"total":[121],"profit":[123],"optimizing":[125],"scale":[127],"multiple":[129],"investments.":[131],"lower":[133],"(LM)":[135],"employs":[136],"User":[138],"Equilibrium":[139],"(UE)":[140],"framework":[141],"determine":[143],"spatial":[145],"distribution":[146],"under":[149],"equilibrium":[150],"conditions.":[151],"Using":[152],"14":[153],"countries":[154],"MSR":[157],"case":[160],"study,":[161],"paper":[163],"estimates":[164],"number":[166],"newly":[168],"constructed":[169],"berths":[170],"each":[172],"country":[173],"corresponding":[176],"returns.":[178],"It":[179],"also":[180],"finds":[181],"that":[182],"local":[183],"wages":[184],"land":[186],"prices":[187],"tend":[188],"rise":[190],"after":[191],"findings":[194],"provide":[195],"valuable":[196],"references":[197],"for":[198],"making":[202],"overseas":[203],"decisions.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}