{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413928123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090764","title":"Unpacking the Effects of Heterogeneous Incentive Policies on Sea\u2013Rail Intermodal Transport: Evidence from China","display_name":"Unpacking the Effects of Heterogeneous Incentive Policies on Sea\u2013Rail Intermodal Transport: Evidence from China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413928123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/764/pdf?version=1756720284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/764/pdf?version=1756720284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081524352","display_name":"Weiguang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784431","display_name":"Lei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-7064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060030562","display_name":"Rongjia Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-5641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongjia Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Experimental Center of Data Science and Intelligent Decision Making, Department of Information Management, School of Management, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-5641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Experimental Center of Data Science and Intelligent Decision Making, Department of Information Management, School of Management, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442107","display_name":"Xiong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-0216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645181","display_name":"Ying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-2081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057942579","display_name":"Qianyao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100784431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28844693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"764","last_page":"764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unpacking","display_name":"Unpacking","score":0.9671072959899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.76822429895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6972692012786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-policy","display_name":"Transport policy","score":0.5663371086120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5326599478721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3286847174167633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1768064796924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1582702398300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1468542218208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.11081770062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.08959388732910156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777256151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7897273","display_name":"Unpacking","level":2,"score":0.9671072959899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.76822429895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6972692012786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992399783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7590","display_name":"Transport policy","level":3,"score":0.5663371086120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5326599478721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3286847174167633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1768064796924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1582702398300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1468542218208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.11081770062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.08959388732910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/764/pdf?version=1756720284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49a5f6c33f324a33888f020620272213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49a5f6c33f324a33888f020620272213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 764 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13090764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13090764","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/9/764/pdf?version=1756720284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3591592101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52172311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413928123.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413928123.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026036082","https://openalex.org/W2080693034","https://openalex.org/W2344244937","https://openalex.org/W2552611805","https://openalex.org/W2801754537","https://openalex.org/W2995222730","https://openalex.org/W3000165053","https://openalex.org/W3023642223","https://openalex.org/W3028300604","https://openalex.org/W3103950587","https://openalex.org/W3112066496","https://openalex.org/W3205589517","https://openalex.org/W3213883914","https://openalex.org/W4206263762","https://openalex.org/W4210521350","https://openalex.org/W4220887769","https://openalex.org/W4220898762","https://openalex.org/W4223956350","https://openalex.org/W4296823960","https://openalex.org/W4318832706","https://openalex.org/W4319080069","https://openalex.org/W4320527812","https://openalex.org/W4362635475","https://openalex.org/W4366000520","https://openalex.org/W4380538427","https://openalex.org/W4380875174","https://openalex.org/W4385719065","https://openalex.org/W4386228744","https://openalex.org/W4387262134","https://openalex.org/W4388498028","https://openalex.org/W4388827803","https://openalex.org/W4388931244","https://openalex.org/W4390987401","https://openalex.org/W4391743902","https://openalex.org/W4392750676","https://openalex.org/W4392757710","https://openalex.org/W4394697965","https://openalex.org/W4396980108","https://openalex.org/W4397013772","https://openalex.org/W4399070676","https://openalex.org/W4399466597","https://openalex.org/W4399771653","https://openalex.org/W4400953411","https://openalex.org/W4401636267","https://openalex.org/W4402235994","https://openalex.org/W4402236566","https://openalex.org/W4402523403","https://openalex.org/W4403016751","https://openalex.org/W4403271519","https://openalex.org/W4403545930","https://openalex.org/W4404705508","https://openalex.org/W4405308776","https://openalex.org/W4405948379","https://openalex.org/W4405967718","https://openalex.org/W4406768102","https://openalex.org/W4406816337","https://openalex.org/W4407580553","https://openalex.org/W4408148906","https://openalex.org/W4409402416","https://openalex.org/W4410252544","https://openalex.org/W4410638126","https://openalex.org/W4410840066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980032325","https://openalex.org/W2042188247","https://openalex.org/W2017714611","https://openalex.org/W4224995949","https://openalex.org/W1992482086","https://openalex.org/W2385797406","https://openalex.org/W4398694690","https://openalex.org/W2608610227","https://openalex.org/W2024662052","https://openalex.org/W2527888910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sea\u2013rail":[0],"intermodal":[1,26],"transport":[2,27],"offers":[3],"high":[4],"efficiency":[5],"and":[6,37,52,57,80,93,101,124,192,203],"environmental":[7],"benefits,":[8],"yet":[9],"its":[10],"development":[11],"in":[12,149],"China":[13,85],"remains":[14,45],"limited.":[15],"Existing":[16],"studies":[17],"have":[18],"mainly":[19],"assessed":[20],"the":[21,88,162,186],"macro-level":[22],"benefits":[23],"of":[24,96,143,164,188,195],"sea\u2013rail":[25],"policies,":[28],"but":[29,138,152],"rigorous":[30],"evidence":[31],"on":[32,105],"whether":[33],"incentive":[34,197],"policies":[35,113,145],"work":[36],"how":[38],"their":[39],"effects":[40,127],"differ":[41],"across":[42],"policy":[43,50,178,198,208],"types":[44],"scarce,":[46],"which":[47],"limits":[48],"evidence-based":[49],"design":[51],"efficient":[53],"allocation":[54],"between":[55],"subsidies":[56,100,121],"capacity":[58],"expansion.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"this":[62],"gap,":[63],"a":[64,72,129,169],"dual-policy":[65],"identification":[66,187],"framework":[67],"was":[68],"established":[69],"that":[70,111],"combines":[71],"multi-period":[73],"difference-in-differences":[74],"model":[75],"with":[76,128],"event":[77],"study":[78,181],"analysis":[79],"used":[81],"station\u2013month":[82],"data":[83],"from":[84],"to":[86,185],"assess":[87],"independent":[89],"effects,":[90,199],"underlying":[91],"mechanisms,":[92],"spatiotemporal":[94,193],"heterogeneity":[95],"railway":[97],"freight":[98,102,119,133],"price":[99,120],"train":[103,134],"expansion":[104,135],"container":[106,116],"throughput.":[107,117],"The":[108,141],"results":[109],"indicate":[110],"both":[112,144],"significantly":[114],"increased":[115],"Railway":[118],"exhibited":[122],"stronger":[123],"more":[125,147],"persistent":[126],"certain":[130],"lag,":[131],"whereas":[132],"produced":[136],"rapid":[137],"short-lived":[139],"responses.":[140],"impacts":[142],"were":[146],"pronounced":[148],"short-distance":[150],"transport,":[151],"weakened":[153],"or":[154],"even":[155],"turned":[156],"negative":[157],"over":[158],"longer":[159],"distances.":[160],"Moreover,":[161],"number":[163],"participating":[165],"entities":[166],"served":[167],"as":[168],"key":[170],"mediating":[171],"pathway,":[172],"while":[173,200],"information":[174],"sharing":[175],"positively":[176],"moderates":[177],"impacts.":[179],"This":[180],"makes":[182],"theoretical":[183],"contributions":[184],"heterogeneity,":[189],"mechanism":[190],"analysis,":[191],"characterization":[194],"SRIT":[196,207],"offering":[201],"refined":[202],"actionable":[204],"guidance":[205],"for":[206],"optimization.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
