{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413127660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080693","title":"An Adaptive Lag Trap in Socio-Technical Systems: The Paradoxical Effect of Digitalization and Labor on Logistics Investment in China","display_name":"An Adaptive Lag Trap in Socio-Technical Systems: The Paradoxical Effect of Digitalization and Labor on Logistics Investment in China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413127660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/693/pdf?version=1755161128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/693/pdf?version=1755161128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6672-7977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6672-7977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102205623","display_name":"Chunxiao Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427969","display_name":"Ting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-1192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109714555","display_name":"Tianqi Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tingting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-8570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-8570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101999531","display_name":"Dan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7906-8862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101999531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29550464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"693","last_page":"693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13498","display_name":"Economic Development and Digital Transformation","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13498","display_name":"Economic Development and Digital Transformation","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.7339000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trap","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","score":0.8362351059913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.7293114066123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lag","display_name":"Lag","score":0.702243983745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.6947588920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-lag","display_name":"Time lag","score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.48638156056404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.4358004629611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3393891453742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-economics","display_name":"Labour economics","score":0.3264930546283722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.19452065229415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17704647779464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12036135792732239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.05842503905296326}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121099081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.8362351059913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7293114066123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75778745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342626","display_name":"Lag","level":2,"score":0.702243983745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.6947588920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987767877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352862","display_name":"Time lag","level":3,"score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48638156056404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4358004629611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3393891453742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3264930546283722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.19452065229415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17704647779464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12036135792732239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.05842503905296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/693/pdf?version=1755161128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ddf8bf5e86b045afa7f508f525888546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ddf8bf5e86b045afa7f508f525888546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 8, p 693 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/693/pdf?version=1755161128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413127660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413127660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022220920","https://openalex.org/W2038887412","https://openalex.org/W2138992063","https://openalex.org/W2323049329","https://openalex.org/W2751986841","https://openalex.org/W2897287357","https://openalex.org/W2994296818","https://openalex.org/W3018903085","https://openalex.org/W3040008180","https://openalex.org/W3122897176","https://openalex.org/W3123705248","https://openalex.org/W3140944539","https://openalex.org/W3164422009","https://openalex.org/W3212249243","https://openalex.org/W4200138627","https://openalex.org/W4248636106","https://openalex.org/W4306148692","https://openalex.org/W4307623831","https://openalex.org/W4309577990","https://openalex.org/W4322494240","https://openalex.org/W4361280327","https://openalex.org/W4362470059","https://openalex.org/W4379113811","https://openalex.org/W4386574030","https://openalex.org/W4386644914","https://openalex.org/W4386823522","https://openalex.org/W4387520224","https://openalex.org/W4388626323","https://openalex.org/W4388950462","https://openalex.org/W4390802229","https://openalex.org/W4391144387","https://openalex.org/W4391180421","https://openalex.org/W4391344285","https://openalex.org/W4391870807","https://openalex.org/W4392023172","https://openalex.org/W4392349177","https://openalex.org/W4393210294","https://openalex.org/W4396674608","https://openalex.org/W4399731386","https://openalex.org/W4400429176","https://openalex.org/W4401393922","https://openalex.org/W4401537035","https://openalex.org/W4401962249","https://openalex.org/W4402393544","https://openalex.org/W4402592746","https://openalex.org/W4402939986","https://openalex.org/W4402982877","https://openalex.org/W4403598137","https://openalex.org/W4403730281","https://openalex.org/W4404257380","https://openalex.org/W4404904942","https://openalex.org/W4406855978","https://openalex.org/W4408937537","https://openalex.org/W4409019342","https://openalex.org/W4410335098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322731367","https://openalex.org/W4390225985","https://openalex.org/W4255298156","https://openalex.org/W2390086507","https://openalex.org/W2387460033","https://openalex.org/W2017376874","https://openalex.org/W2326580408","https://openalex.org/W1638676447","https://openalex.org/W2352279802","https://openalex.org/W1969422496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,149],"economic":[1],"efficacy":[2],"of":[3,13,145,156,206],"logistics":[4],"infrastructure":[5],"is":[6,112,184],"being":[7],"reshaped":[8],"by":[9,68],"the":[10,16,55,113,142,146,153,160,167,190,195,204],"dual":[11],"forces":[12],"digitalization":[14],"and":[15,28,70,133],"labor":[17,31,97,110,207],"market.":[18],"However,":[19],"a":[20,59,91,131,137,185,198,214],"new-era":[21],"\u201cinvestment":[22],"return":[23],"paradox\u201d":[24],"has":[25],"emerged.":[26],"Digitalization":[27],"an":[29,72],"abundant":[30],"force":[32],"are":[33,124],"theoretically":[34,134],"positive":[35,171],"forces,":[36],"so":[37],"why":[38],"does":[39],"their":[40],"combination,":[41],"when":[42],"coupled":[43],"with":[44],"capital":[45,183],"investment,":[46],"paradoxically":[47],"engender":[48],"negative":[49,93,143,164],"emergence":[50],"that":[51,108,180],"suppresses":[52],"growth?":[53],"Conceptualizing":[54],"regional":[56],"economy":[57],"as":[58],"Socio-Technical":[60],"System":[61],"(STS),":[62],"this":[63,66,88,117,157],"paper":[64],"unravels":[65],"paradox":[67],"identifying":[69,90],"theorizing":[71],"\u201cadaptive":[73,191],"lag":[74,192],"trap\u201d.":[75],"Using":[76],"provincial":[77],"panel":[78],"data":[79],"from":[80,163,201],"China,":[81],"we":[82],"first":[83],"provide":[84],"empirical":[85],"validation":[86],"for":[87,197],"trap,":[89],"significant":[92],"three-way":[94],"interaction":[95,147],"involving":[96],"quantity":[98],"(coef.":[99],"=":[100],"\u22120.218,":[101],"p":[102],"<":[103],"0.05).":[104],"We":[105],"then":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"high-skilled":[109],"quality":[111],"key":[114],"to":[115,170,188,208],"mitigating":[116],"trap.":[118],"While":[119],"its":[120,174,210],"direct":[121],"interactive":[122],"effects":[123],"not":[125],"statistically":[126],"significant,":[127],"our":[128],"analysis":[129],"uncovers":[130],"robust":[132],"potent":[135],"pattern:":[136],"higher-skilled":[138],"workforce":[139],"systematically":[140],"reverses":[141],"trend":[144],"effect.":[148],"split-sample":[150],"test":[151],"provides":[152],"clearest":[154],"evidence":[155],"pattern,":[158],"showing":[159],"coefficient":[161],"pivoting":[162],"(\u22120.0572)":[165],"in":[166,173,203],"low-skill":[168],"subsample":[169],"(+0.109)":[172],"high-skill":[175,181],"counterpart.":[176],"Our":[177],"findings":[178],"establish":[179],"human":[182],"necessary":[186],"condition":[187],"circumvent":[189],"trap\u201d,":[193],"underscoring":[194],"imperative":[196],"policy":[199],"shift":[200],"investing":[202],"scale":[205],"cultivating":[209],"skill":[211],"structure":[212],"within":[213],"co-evolutionary":[215],"framework.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}