{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412995306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080659","title":"An Enhanced NSGA-II Driven by Deep Reinforcement Learning to Mixed Flow Assembly Workshop Scheduling System with Constraints of Continuous Processing and Mold Changing","display_name":"An Enhanced NSGA-II Driven by Deep Reinforcement Learning to Mixed Flow Assembly Workshop Scheduling System with Constraints of Continuous Processing and Mold Changing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412995306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/659/pdf?version=1754308797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/659/pdf?version=1754308797","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029769269","display_name":"Bihao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bihao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007446155","display_name":"Jie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8829-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031494622","display_name":"Xiong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-7649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiongxin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101534230","display_name":"Sidi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-613X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002152257","display_name":"Teng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-5918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002152257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.4439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95762263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"659","last_page":"659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12782","display_name":"Assembly Line Balancing Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.661865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6103280186653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mold","display_name":"Mold","score":0.57655268907547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5425224304199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.36356592178344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3433045446872711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27213147282600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24781158566474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.21819624304771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.14694586396217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.10449561476707458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.661865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6103280186653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159341","display_name":"Mold","level":2,"score":0.57655268907547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5425224304199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.36356592178344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3433045446872711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27213147282600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24781158566474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.21819624304771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.14694586396217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.10449561476707458}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/659/pdf?version=1754308797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2283826cf40e49479deb48f593b82517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2283826cf40e49479deb48f593b82517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 8, p 659 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13080659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13080659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/8/659/pdf?version=1754308797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3906225249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22BJL114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","funder_display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412995306.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412995306.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2769235293","https://openalex.org/W4206820958","https://openalex.org/W4226039544","https://openalex.org/W4226164141","https://openalex.org/W4226431506","https://openalex.org/W4229336110","https://openalex.org/W4321850199","https://openalex.org/W4387490877","https://openalex.org/W4391111817","https://openalex.org/W4399008984","https://openalex.org/W4399082303","https://openalex.org/W4399564444","https://openalex.org/W4401635533","https://openalex.org/W4407929036","https://openalex.org/W4408032628","https://openalex.org/W4408398013","https://openalex.org/W4408445109","https://openalex.org/W4409096622","https://openalex.org/W4411054968","https://openalex.org/W4412076655","https://openalex.org/W4412423121","https://openalex.org/W4412486799","https://openalex.org/W6811015646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W770682976","https://openalex.org/W1983737663","https://openalex.org/W2355051690","https://openalex.org/W2525946524","https://openalex.org/W2384310181","https://openalex.org/W4401161891","https://openalex.org/W4200387451","https://openalex.org/W2091185677","https://openalex.org/W2369224372","https://openalex.org/W3193430754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mixed-flow":[0],"assembly":[1,17,92],"lines":[2,18],"are":[3,28],"widely":[4],"employed":[5],"in":[6,124,188],"industrial":[7],"manufacturing":[8],"to":[9,37,44,66,108,172,193,206,210],"handle":[10],"diverse":[11],"production":[12,33,35,53,111],"tasks.":[13],"For":[14],"mixed":[15],"flow":[16],"that":[19,181],"involve":[20],"mold":[21,68],"changes":[22,69],"and":[23,34,70,99,113,168,174,195,208],"greater":[24],"processing":[25,47,98],"difficulties,":[26],"there":[27],"currently":[29],"two":[30],"approaches:":[31],"batch":[32],"according":[36],"order":[38],"sequence.":[39],"The":[40],"first":[41],"approach":[42,58,153],"struggles":[43],"meet":[45],"the":[46,56,60,75,90,128,182,197],"constraints":[48],"of":[49,62],"workpieces":[50],"with":[51,159],"higher":[52],"difficulty,":[54],"while":[55],"second":[57,76],"requires":[59],"development":[61],"suitable":[63],"scheduling":[64,81,94],"schemes":[65],"balance":[67],"continuous":[71,97],"processing.":[72],"Therefore,":[73],"under":[74],"approach,":[77],"developing":[78,103],"an":[79,143],"excellent":[80],"scheme":[82],"is":[83],"a":[84,104],"challenging":[85],"problem.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88],"addresses":[89],"mixed-flow":[91],"shop":[93],"problem,":[95],"considering":[96],"mold-changing":[100],"constraints,":[101],"by":[102],"multi-objective":[105],"optimization":[106],"model":[107],"minimize":[109],"additional":[110],"time":[112],"customer":[114],"waiting":[115],"time.":[116],"As":[117],"this":[118],"NP-hard":[119],"problem":[120],"poses":[121],"significant":[122],"challenges":[123],"solution":[125],"space":[126],"exploration,":[127],"conventional":[129],"NSGA-II":[130,145],"algorithm":[131,146,184,199],"suffers":[132],"from":[133,204],"limited":[134],"local":[135,176,189],"search":[136,157,190],"capability.":[137],"To":[138],"address":[139],"this,":[140],"we":[141],"propose":[142],"enhanced":[144],"(RLVNS-NSGA-II)":[147],"integrating":[148],"deep":[149,160],"reinforcement":[150,161],"learning.":[151],"Our":[152],"combines":[154],"multiple":[155],"neighborhood":[156],"operators":[158],"learning,":[162],"which":[163],"dynamically":[164],"utilizes":[165],"population":[166],"diversity":[167],"objective":[169],"function":[170],"data":[171],"guide":[173],"strengthen":[175],"search.":[177],"Simulation":[178],"experiments":[179],"confirm":[180],"proposed":[183],"surpasses":[185],"existing":[186],"methods":[187],"performance.":[191],"Compared":[192],"VNS-NSGA-II":[194],"SVNS-NSGA-II,":[196],"RLVNS-NSGA-II":[198],"achieved":[200],"hypervolume":[201],"improvements":[202],"ranging":[203],"19.72%":[205],"42.88%":[207],"12.63%":[209],"31.19%,":[211],"respectively.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}