{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412517456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070613","title":"Automated Parcel Locker Configuration Using Discrete Event Simulation","display_name":"Automated Parcel Locker Configuration Using Discrete Event Simulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412517456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13070613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/7/613/pdf?version=1753015702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/7/613/pdf?version=1753015702","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077739174","display_name":"Eugen Ro\u015fca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1080-7321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugen Rosca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1080-7321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Floriana Cristina Oprea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Floriana Cristina Oprea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005250040","display_name":"Anamaria Ilie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6092-8797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anamaria Ilie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6092-8797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022874731","display_name":"Stefan Burciu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-1152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Burciu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-1152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079356710","display_name":"Florin Rusc\u0103","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-0105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florin Rusca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-0105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079356710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.3975,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88220918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"613","last_page":"613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.6241539716720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-event-simulation","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","score":0.47022745013237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4654802680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.45778077840805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.29348042607307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13488101959228516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.6241539716720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147203929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574814","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","level":2,"score":0.47022745013237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4654802680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.45778077840805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.29348042607307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13488101959228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13070613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/7/613/pdf?version=1753015702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6aff3f016bb94b36bf6ee505e8b2163e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6aff3f016bb94b36bf6ee505e8b2163e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 613 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13070613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/7/613/pdf?version=1753015702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327756","display_name":"National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/019vsm959"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412517456.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412517456.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499964891","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W2030939153","https://openalex.org/W2149292156","https://openalex.org/W2284716344","https://openalex.org/W2288415441","https://openalex.org/W2301290695","https://openalex.org/W2336507577","https://openalex.org/W2530667494","https://openalex.org/W2762560083","https://openalex.org/W2767877925","https://openalex.org/W2807863255","https://openalex.org/W2861324984","https://openalex.org/W2947626232","https://openalex.org/W2952787898","https://openalex.org/W2979056762","https://openalex.org/W3015050456","https://openalex.org/W3041056939","https://openalex.org/W3099350049","https://openalex.org/W3111869702","https://openalex.org/W3118985022","https://openalex.org/W3147529707","https://openalex.org/W3150875848","https://openalex.org/W3193646631","https://openalex.org/W3216355534","https://openalex.org/W4210624159","https://openalex.org/W4213425196","https://openalex.org/W4309852527","https://openalex.org/W4318207595","https://openalex.org/W4319444297","https://openalex.org/W4362474006","https://openalex.org/W4379260529","https://openalex.org/W4387400162","https://openalex.org/W4387776228","https://openalex.org/W4387806806","https://openalex.org/W4387924981","https://openalex.org/W4391409118","https://openalex.org/W4396747606","https://openalex.org/W4399734491","https://openalex.org/W4401324291","https://openalex.org/W4407526546","https://openalex.org/W6644390931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"parcel":[1,77,145],"lockers":[2],"(APLs)":[3],"are":[4],"transforming":[5],"urban":[6],"last-mile":[7],"delivery":[8,14],"by":[9],"reducing":[10,21],"failed":[11],"distributions,":[12],"decoupling":[13],"from":[15],"recipient":[16],"availability,":[17],"optimizing":[18],"carrier":[19],"routes,":[20],"carbon":[22],"foot-print":[23],"and":[24,40,79,86,94,102],"mitigating":[25],"traffic":[26],"congestion.":[27],"The":[28,106,147,167],"paper":[29,190],"investigates":[30],"the":[31,44,110,117,189,208],"optimal":[32,68,155],"design":[33],"of":[34,99,112,149],"APLs":[35,156,200],"systems":[36],"under":[37,75],"stochastic":[38,76],"demand":[39,134],"operational":[41,92],"constraints,":[42],"formulating":[43],"problem":[45],"as":[46],"a":[47,56,186,211],"resource":[48,142],"allocation":[49,88,130],"optimization":[50],"with":[51,162,195],"service-level":[52],"guarantees.":[53],"We":[54],"proposed":[55],"data-driven":[57],"discrete-event":[58],"simulation":[59],"(DES)":[60],"model":[61],"implemented":[62],"in":[63,128,135,203],"ARENA":[64],"to":[65,89,120],"(i)":[66],"determine":[67],"locker":[69,113,129,150,160,215],"configurations":[70,157],"that":[71,109,154,173],"ensure":[72],"customer":[73],"satisfaction":[74],"arrivals":[78],"dwell":[80],"times,":[81],"(ii)":[82],"examine":[83],"utilization":[84,151],"patterns":[85],"spatial":[87],"enhance":[90],"system":[91,104],"efficiency,":[93],"(iii)":[95],"characterize":[96],"inventory":[97,178],"dynamics":[98],"undelivered":[100],"parcels":[101,175],"evaluate":[103],"resilience.":[105],"results":[107],"show":[108],"configuration":[111],"types":[114],"significantly":[115],"influences":[116],"system\u2019s":[118],"ability":[119],"maintain":[121],"high":[122],"customers":[123],"service":[124],"levels.":[125],"While":[126],"flexibility":[127],"helps":[131],"manage":[132],"excess":[133],"some":[136],"configurations,":[137],"it":[138],"may":[139],"also":[140],"create":[141],"competition":[143],"among":[144],"types.":[146],"heterogeneity":[148],"gradients":[152],"underscores":[153],"must":[158],"balance":[159],"units":[161],"their":[163],"size-dependent":[164],"functional":[165],"interdependencies.":[166],"Dickey\u2013Fuller":[168],"GLS":[169],"test":[170],"further":[171],"validates":[172],"postponed":[174],"exhibit":[176],"stationary":[177],"dynamics,":[179],"ensuring":[180],"scalability":[181],"for":[182,214],"logistics":[183],"operators.":[184],"As":[185],"theoretical":[187],"contribution,":[188],"demonstrates":[191],"how":[192],"DES":[193],"combined":[194],"time-series":[196],"econometrics":[197],"can":[198],"address":[199],"capacity":[201],"planning":[202],"city":[204],"logistics.":[205],"For":[206],"practitioners,":[207],"study":[209],"provides":[210],"decision-support":[212],"framework":[213],"sizing,":[216],"emphasizing":[217],"cost\u2013service":[218],"trade-offs.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}