{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410501143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050391","title":"Evaluating the Performance of Sustainable Urbanization and Its Impacts on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Nine Pearl River Delta Cities","display_name":"Evaluating the Performance of Sustainable Urbanization and Its Impacts on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Nine Pearl River Delta Cities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410501143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050391","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/391/pdf?version=1747649689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/391/pdf?version=1747649689","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rourou Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rourou Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055750561","display_name":"Shijian Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-7573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijian Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115601808","display_name":"Hongyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-9540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59897056","display_name":"California State University, Long Beach","ror":"https://ror.org/0080fxk18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business Administration, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business Administration, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345060","display_name":"Zhixin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-2651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055750561","https://openalex.org/A5100345060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I191208505"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2124,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79526572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"391","last_page":"391"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9405999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.8229042291641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta","display_name":"Delta","score":0.7490384578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.48634129762649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.48136812448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"Sustainable development","score":0.46932193636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fibers","display_name":"Carbon fibers","score":0.45917370915412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning","display_name":"Environmental planning","score":0.38239502906799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-protection","display_name":"Environmental protection","score":0.36379480361938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.11253628134727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.10430246591567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09029287099838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.06685149669647217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.8229042291641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5072461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49506","display_name":"Delta","level":2,"score":0.7490384578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48634129762649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.48136812448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.46932193636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.45917370915412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.38239502906799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.36379480361938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11253628134727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.10430246591567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09029287099838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.06685149669647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050391","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/391/pdf?version=1747649689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce91defc68604357b2346be94f66af02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce91defc68604357b2346be94f66af02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 391 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050391","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/391/pdf?version=1747649689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7144118046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2040000060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410501143.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410501143.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197944401","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1992560271","https://openalex.org/W2001703222","https://openalex.org/W2008286989","https://openalex.org/W2032268803","https://openalex.org/W2041693958","https://openalex.org/W2051061727","https://openalex.org/W2051391153","https://openalex.org/W2052436090","https://openalex.org/W2075127952","https://openalex.org/W2155008024","https://openalex.org/W2263501296","https://openalex.org/W2344756930","https://openalex.org/W2581341326","https://openalex.org/W2587729004","https://openalex.org/W2751082835","https://openalex.org/W2800998285","https://openalex.org/W2805709863","https://openalex.org/W2884181289","https://openalex.org/W2885810234","https://openalex.org/W2929757102","https://openalex.org/W2969514111","https://openalex.org/W2973015124","https://openalex.org/W3034028280","https://openalex.org/W3123971221","https://openalex.org/W3185925981","https://openalex.org/W3191108451","https://openalex.org/W3205589517","https://openalex.org/W3215392262","https://openalex.org/W4207070795","https://openalex.org/W4213342266","https://openalex.org/W4230302831","https://openalex.org/W4300167455","https://openalex.org/W6608130459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392907783","https://openalex.org/W1985072978","https://openalex.org/W891751532","https://openalex.org/W2375489112","https://openalex.org/W2370838374","https://openalex.org/W2354222596","https://openalex.org/W2392291083","https://openalex.org/W2353135038","https://openalex.org/W2381059267","https://openalex.org/W2347277971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"China":[0],"is":[1,45],"presently":[2],"placing":[3],"significant":[4],"emphasis":[5],"on":[6,91,142,148,166],"sustainable":[7,23,56,72,110,122,187,194,215,226],"urbanization":[8,24,57,73,123,188,195,227],"as":[9],"a":[10,67,113,200,210],"means":[11],"to":[12,51,82,120,131,184,232],"facilitate":[13],"the":[14,32,54,83,103,107,133,137,154,160,174,197,204],"shift":[15],"towards":[16],"high-quality":[17],"economic":[18],"development.":[19],"The":[20,64,170],"concept":[21],"of":[22,34,66,87,109,139,162,199,206,225],"has":[25],"gained":[26],"added":[27],"intricacy":[28],"and":[29,37],"depth":[30],"within":[31],"framework":[33],"\u2018carbon":[35],"peak":[36],"carbon":[38,48,92,143,178,234],"neutrality\u2019.":[39],"A":[40],"primary":[41],"concern":[42],"among":[43,181],"practitioners":[44],"that":[46,173,220],"while":[47],"emissions":[49,93,179],"adhere":[50],"specific":[52],"standards,":[53],"term":[55],"remains":[58],"vaguely":[59],"defined,":[60],"encompassing":[61],"multifaceted":[62],"objectives.":[63],"absence":[65],"well-defined":[68],"evaluative":[69],"standard":[70],"for":[71,159,213],"creates":[74],"challenges":[75],"in":[76,136,153,186],"driving":[77],"comprehensive":[78],"progress.":[79],"Additionally,":[80],"owing":[81],"spatially":[84],"heterogeneous":[85],"nature":[86],"urbanization,":[88,111],"its":[89],"influence":[90],"can":[94],"vary":[95],"across":[96],"different":[97,230],"cities.":[98],"This":[99],"study":[100],"delves":[101],"into":[102],"shared":[104],"factors":[105,141,176,231],"influencing":[106,177],"performance":[108],"introducing":[112],"Principal":[114],"Component":[115],"Analysis":[116],"(PCA)-based":[117],"evaluation":[118],"system":[119],"gauge":[121],"performance.":[124,169],"Furthermore,":[125,217],"we":[126,208,218],"employ":[127],"spatial":[128,134],"regression":[129],"analyses":[130],"explore":[132],"differences":[135],"impact":[138],"these":[140,163],"emissions.":[144],"Our":[145],"investigation":[146],"centers":[147],"data":[149],"from":[150],"nine":[151],"cities":[152,164,182,221],"Pearl":[155],"River":[156],"Delta,":[157],"allowing":[158],"ranking":[161],"based":[165],"their":[167],"sustainability":[168],"outcomes":[171],"reveal":[172],"key":[175],"differ":[180],"due":[183],"variations":[185],"characteristics.":[189],"Notably,":[190],"our":[191],"research":[192],"integrates":[193],"with":[196],"parameters":[198],"low-carbon":[201],"economy.":[202],"In":[203],"realm":[205],"policymaking,":[207],"offer":[209],"quantifiable":[211],"approach":[212],"assessing":[214],"urbanization.":[216],"assert":[219],"at":[222],"distinct":[223],"stages":[224],"should":[228],"prioritize":[229],"attain":[233],"neutrality.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}