{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410406732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050381","title":"Extending LoRaWAN: Mesh Architecture and Performance Analysis for Long-Range IoT Connectivity in Maritime Environments","display_name":"Extending LoRaWAN: Mesh Architecture and Performance Analysis for Long-Range IoT Connectivity in Maritime Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410406732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/381/pdf?version=1747306561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/381/pdf?version=1747306561","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090569371","display_name":"Nuno Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","LASIGE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-8670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LASIGE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045158699","display_name":"Carlos Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-4761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-4761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051124573","display_name":"Nuno Cota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-7044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147564","display_name":"Hospital de Santo Espirito de Angra do Hero\u00edsmo","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajme216","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Cota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-7044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024491994","display_name":"Gon\u00e7alo Esteves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-9226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147564","display_name":"Hospital de Santo Espirito de Angra do Hero\u00edsmo","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajme216","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gon\u00e7alo Esteves","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-9226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012065335","display_name":"Joao Pinelo Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147564","display_name":"Hospital de Santo Espirito de Angra do Hero\u00edsmo","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajme216","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Pinelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atlantic International Research Centre (AIR Centre), 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atlantic International Research Centre (AIR Centre), 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070822530","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Casaleiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-0954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Casaleiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-0954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Internet Technologies\u2014FIT, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067207701","display_name":"Rafael Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-382X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147564","display_name":"Hospital de Santo Espirito de Angra do Hero\u00edsmo","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajme216","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018525117","display_name":"L. M. R. J. Lobo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-2082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147564","display_name":"Hospital de Santo Espirito de Angra do Hero\u00edsmo","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajme216","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonor Lobo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOLVIT, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147564"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090569371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I203847022"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.6386,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63915875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"381","last_page":"381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6923608779907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6818523406982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5834532380104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5104731321334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4647343158721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36537131667137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3253844976425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2515893578529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22144290804862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17088747024536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1028602123260498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6923608779907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6818523406982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5834532380104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5104731321334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4647343158721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36537131667137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3253844976425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2515893578529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22144290804862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17088747024536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1028602123260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/381/pdf?version=1747306561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c78f2f9ac8414754a9b9d2fdd3bc0968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c78f2f9ac8414754a9b9d2fdd3bc0968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 381 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/381/pdf?version=1747306561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1927536394","display_name":"LASIGE Computer Science and Engineering Research Centre","funder_award_id":"UID/00408/2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335198","display_name":"EEA Grants","ror":"https://ror.org/02dfxg175"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410406732.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410406732.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981417714","https://openalex.org/W2101850956","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2596746494","https://openalex.org/W2788078249","https://openalex.org/W2901111720","https://openalex.org/W3009767224","https://openalex.org/W3040525503","https://openalex.org/W3041156192","https://openalex.org/W3132501698","https://openalex.org/W3201561247","https://openalex.org/W3217244220","https://openalex.org/W4206404211","https://openalex.org/W4206671851","https://openalex.org/W4206815340","https://openalex.org/W4229046632","https://openalex.org/W4293178892","https://openalex.org/W4312072445","https://openalex.org/W4312531397","https://openalex.org/W4383901393","https://openalex.org/W4386134884","https://openalex.org/W4393036584","https://openalex.org/W4404036135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4410295802","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"LoRaWAN":[1,17,44,57,310,334],"application":[2,37,135],"architecture":[3,307,367],"comprises":[4],"three":[5],"functional":[6,291],"components:":[7],"(i)":[8],"nodes,":[9],"which":[10,21,31],"convert":[11,41],"and":[12,23,27,46,142,219,273,300,325,348,350,370,373,381],"wirelessly":[13,49],"transmit":[14,47,263],"data":[15,35,42,231,374],"as":[16,437],"messages;":[18],"(ii)":[19],"gateways,":[20],"receive":[22,60,97],"forward":[24],"these":[25],"transmissions;":[26],"(iii)":[28],"network":[29,75,209,423],"servers,":[30],"process":[32],"the":[33,51,61,65,69,83,88,94,98,134,159,188,204,207,245,251,266,280,284,298,320,417,422,470],"received":[34,70,411],"for":[36,111],"delivery.":[38],"The":[39,183,247,290,316],"nodes":[40,234,347],"into":[43],"messages":[45,62,71,84,119,191,264,402],"them":[48],"with":[50,170,319,332,343,444],"hope":[52],"that":[53,308,431],"one":[54],"or":[55,151],"more":[56],"gateway":[58,339],"will":[59,102],"successfully.":[63],"Then,":[64],"gateways":[66,95,258,296,349],"pass":[67],"on":[68,229,259,387,425,441],"to":[72,87,164,196,221,262,265,276,398,474],"a":[73,124,166,287,304,359,389,432,438,442,454,462],"distant":[74],"server,":[76],"where":[77,117],"various":[78,260],"processing":[79,375],"steps":[80],"occur":[81],"before":[82],"are":[85,115,120,177,200,217,241],"forwarded":[86],"end":[89,197,414],"application.":[90],"If":[91],"none":[92],"of":[93,190,203,206,254,286,293,302,362,421,448,458,472],"can":[96],"messages,":[99,379],"then":[100],"they":[101],"be":[103,128,214,277,399],"lost.":[104],"Although":[105],"this":[106,137,157,181],"default":[107],"behaviour":[108],"is":[109,133,187,355],"suitable":[110],"some":[112],"applications,":[113],"there":[114],"others":[116],"ensuring":[118],"successfully":[121],"delivered":[122],"at":[123,408],"higher":[125],"rate":[126],"would":[127,213],"helpful.":[129],"One":[130],"such":[131],"scenario":[132],"in":[136,145,180,193,283,353,393,465],"paper:":[138],"monitoring":[139,168],"maritime":[140,167],"vessels":[141,275],"fishing":[143,224,271,274,391,405,418],"equipment":[144],"offshore":[146,194,218],"environments":[147],"characterised":[148],"by":[149,412],"intermittent":[150],"absent":[152],"shore":[153],"connectivity.":[154],"To":[155],"address":[156],"challenge,":[158],"Custodian":[160,321],"project":[161],"was":[162],"initiated":[163],"develop":[165],"solution":[169],"enhanced":[171],"connectivity":[172],"capabilities.":[173],"Two":[174],"additional":[175],"features":[176],"especially":[178],"welcome":[179],"scenario.":[182],"most":[184],"important":[185],"feature":[186],"transmission":[189,467],"created":[192],"areas":[195],"users":[198],"who":[199,216],"offshore,":[201,227],"regardless":[202],"unavailability":[205],"ground":[208],"server.":[210],"An":[211],"example":[212],"fishermen":[215],"wish":[220],"position":[222],"their":[223],"equipment,":[225],"also":[226],"based":[228],"location":[230],"transmitted":[232],"from":[233,244,279,404],"via":[235],"LoRaWAN,":[236],"even":[237,282],"when":[238],"both":[239,344],"entities":[240],"far":[242],"away":[243],"mainland.":[246],"second":[248],"aspect":[249],"concerns":[250],"potential":[252],"use":[253],"gateway-to-gateway":[255],"communications,":[256],"through":[257,337],"ships,":[261],"coast.":[267],"This":[268],"setup":[269],"enables":[270],"gear":[272,406],"monitored":[278],"coast,":[281],"absence":[285],"direct":[288],"connection.":[289],"constraints":[292],"conventional":[294],"commercial":[295,390],"necessitated":[297],"conceptualisation":[299],"implementation":[301],"C-Mesh,":[303,363],"novel":[305],"relay":[306],"extends":[309],"functionality":[311],"beyond":[312],"standard":[313,333],"protocol":[314],"implementations.":[315],"C-Mesh":[317,397,434,473],"integrates":[318],"ecosystem,":[322],"alongside":[323],"C-Beacon":[324],"C-Point":[326],"devices,":[327],"while":[328],"maintaining":[329],"transparent":[330],"compatibility":[331,342],"infrastructure":[335],"components":[336],"protocol-compliant":[338],"emulation.":[340],"Thus,":[341],"commercially":[345],"available":[346],"those":[351],"already":[352],"deployment":[354,435],"guaranteed.":[356],"We":[357],"provide":[358],"comprehensive":[360],"description":[361],"describing":[364],"its":[365],"hardware":[366],"(communications,":[368],"power,":[369],"self-monitoring":[371],"abilities)":[372],"ability":[376],"(filtering":[377],"duplicate":[378],"security,":[380],"encryption).":[382],"Sea":[383],"trials":[384],"carried":[385],"out":[386],"board":[388],"vessel":[392,443],"Sesimbra,":[394],"Portugal,":[395],"proved":[396],"effective.":[400],"Location":[401],"derived":[403],"left":[407],"sea":[409,451],"were":[410],"an":[413,445],"user":[415],"aboard":[416],"vessel,":[419],"independently":[420],"server":[424],"land.":[426],"Additionally,":[427],"field":[428],"tests":[429],"demonstrated":[430],"single":[433],"functioning":[436],"signal":[439],"repeater":[440],"antenna":[446],"elevation":[447],"15m":[449],"above":[450],"level":[452],"achieved":[453],"quantifiable":[455],"coverage":[456],"extension":[457],"13":[459],"km":[460],"(representing":[461],"20%":[463],"increase":[464,475],"effective":[466],"range),":[468],"demonstrating":[469],"capacity":[471],"LoRaWAN\u2019s":[476],"coverage.":[477]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}