{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410081774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050350","title":"A Novel Centrality-Based Attack Simulation: Evaluating Resilience and Vulnerability in China\u2019s Knowledge Networks","display_name":"A Novel Centrality-Based Attack Simulation: Evaluating Resilience and Vulnerability in China\u2019s Knowledge Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410081774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/350/pdf?version=1746529849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/350/pdf?version=1746529849","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100841796","display_name":"Tianxing Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University-University of Birmingham Joint Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China","School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","Jinan University-University of Birmingham Joint Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China","School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University-University of Birmingham Joint Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University-University of Birmingham Joint Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090104006","display_name":"Jinyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2047-3400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016356378","display_name":"Changxin Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-1854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157858","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7nem08","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157858"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changxin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Studies, Saint Louis University, Baguio 2600, Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Studies, Saint Louis University, Baguio 2600, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101061663","display_name":"Miao Xuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014920359","display_name":"Sheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0009-177X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610103, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090104006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.5083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82511324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"350","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9235000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.8182578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.7332494854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7188519239425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6756551265716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.47806718945503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4343439042568207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37186744809150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.30664122104644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.280101478099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-resilience","display_name":"Psychological resilience","score":0.1744428277015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.15432682633399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12342625856399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09766435623168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.06796115636825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.060830265283584595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.8182578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.7332494854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7188519239425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6756551265716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.47806718945503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4343439042568207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37186744809150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30664122104644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.280101478099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.1744428277015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.15432682633399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12342625856399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09766435623168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.06796115636825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.060830265283584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/350/pdf?version=1746529849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6306182f7c142db8bb7ff94effd673d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6306182f7c142db8bb7ff94effd673d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 350 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/350/pdf?version=1746529849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327557","display_name":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m0ms912"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410081774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410081774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554765659","https://openalex.org/W1967699507","https://openalex.org/W2022940338","https://openalex.org/W2031231242","https://openalex.org/W2096379393","https://openalex.org/W2113683225","https://openalex.org/W2129208071","https://openalex.org/W2772090631","https://openalex.org/W2911822972","https://openalex.org/W2944216197","https://openalex.org/W2954187649","https://openalex.org/W2954591934","https://openalex.org/W2981562194","https://openalex.org/W2991406365","https://openalex.org/W3003121777","https://openalex.org/W3036764357","https://openalex.org/W3069734905","https://openalex.org/W3095984860","https://openalex.org/W3198248265","https://openalex.org/W3199193890","https://openalex.org/W3216255287","https://openalex.org/W4220932524","https://openalex.org/W4221041625","https://openalex.org/W4283737988","https://openalex.org/W4283783759","https://openalex.org/W4292455341","https://openalex.org/W4292566226","https://openalex.org/W4293187231","https://openalex.org/W4322201933","https://openalex.org/W4388688145","https://openalex.org/W4391502518","https://openalex.org/W4393044023","https://openalex.org/W4393346358","https://openalex.org/W4399459753","https://openalex.org/W4403125815","https://openalex.org/W4403385605","https://openalex.org/W4408193780","https://openalex.org/W4408305704","https://openalex.org/W4408407993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883246888","https://openalex.org/W2370114625","https://openalex.org/W1756374135","https://openalex.org/W2062873522","https://openalex.org/W2947584067","https://openalex.org/W2280562859","https://openalex.org/W230721595","https://openalex.org/W3157230915","https://openalex.org/W1496728123","https://openalex.org/W2789975780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"research":[1,63],"on":[2,52,127],"the":[3,29,36,132,137,150,163],"vulnerability":[4],"of":[5,38,45,152,166],"knowledge":[6,222,242],"innovation":[7,189],"networks":[8],"(KINs)":[9],"primarily":[10],"falls":[11],"into":[12,239],"two":[13],"categories:":[14],"random":[15],"attacks":[16,125],"and":[17,33,49,84,97,113,148,160,185,214,224],"deliberate":[18,30],"attacks.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,235],"introduces":[22],"a":[23,196],"novel":[24],"centrality-based":[25],"attack":[26,31,40,207],"framework":[27,210],"for":[28],"group":[32],"systematically":[34],"examines":[35],"impact":[37],"different":[39],"mechanisms":[41,130],"(such":[42],"as":[43,157,195],"loss":[44],"connectivity,":[46],"propagation":[47],"delays,":[48],"structural":[50,111,128,229],"fragmentation)":[51],"KINs.":[53],"Using":[54],"SCI/SSCI":[55],"co-authorship":[56],"data":[57],"across":[58],"286":[59],"Chinese":[60],"cities,":[61],"this":[62,234],"evaluated":[64],"network":[65,95,120,212],"resilience":[66,230],"through":[67],"six":[68],"key":[69,92],"metrics,":[70],"average":[71,74,76],"clustering":[72,106],"coefficient,":[73],"degree,":[75],"path":[77],"length,":[78],"global":[79],"efficiency,":[80],"isolated":[81],"nodes":[82,155],"ratio,":[83,88],"largest":[85],"connected":[86],"component":[87],"thus":[89],"revealing":[90],"three":[91],"conclusions:":[93],"First,":[94],"density":[96],"regional":[98],"integration":[99],"surged":[100],"after":[101],"2015,":[102],"peaking":[103],"in":[104,199],"localized":[105],"during":[107],"2021\u20132022;":[108],"yet,":[109],"post-2022,":[110],"fragmentation":[112,129],"efficiency":[114],"declines":[115],"exposed":[116],"critical":[117],"vulnerabilities.":[118],"Second,":[119],"disruption":[121],"simulations":[122],"revealed":[123],"that":[124],"based":[126],"have":[131],"most":[133],"significant":[134],"impact,":[135],"demonstrating":[136],"need":[138],"to":[139,143,178,220],"promote":[140],"polycentric":[141],"development":[142],"reduce":[144],"core":[145],"dependency":[146],"risks":[147],"highlighting":[149],"importance":[151],"protecting":[153],"high-centrality":[154],"such":[156],"Beijing,":[158],"Shanghai,":[159],"Shenzhen.":[161],"Third,":[162],"inhibitory":[164],"effect":[165],"economic":[167,175,186],"proximity":[168,187],"weakened":[169],"significantly":[170],"by":[171],"2024,":[172],"suggesting":[173],"reduced":[174],"disparity":[176],"barriers":[177],"collaboration.":[179],"Notably,":[180],"emerging":[181],"synergies":[182],"between":[183],"geographic":[184],"enhanced":[188],"cooperation":[190],"potential,":[191],"emphasizing":[192],"spatial\u2013economic":[193],"coordination":[194],"crucial":[197],"factor":[198],"development-stage":[200],"planning.":[201],"By":[202],"integrating":[203],"spatiotemporal":[204],"dynamics":[205],"with":[206,217,231],"taxonomy,":[208],"our":[209],"advances":[211],"theory":[213],"equips":[215],"policymakers":[216],"actionable":[218],"strategies":[219],"optimize":[221],"flows":[223],"mitigate":[225],"systemic":[226],"risks.":[227],"Bridging":[228],"innovation-driven":[232],"development,":[233],"offers":[236],"new":[237],"insights":[238],"China\u2019s":[240],"urban":[241],"networks.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
