{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410000368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050338","title":"A Novel Method for Holistic Collision Risk Assessment in the Precautionary Area Using AIS Data","display_name":"A Novel Method for Holistic Collision Risk Assessment in the Precautionary Area Using AIS Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410000368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/338/pdf?version=1746093635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/338/pdf?version=1746093635","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003976519","display_name":"Yu Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongzhu Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085185460","display_name":"Manel Grifoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-6732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manel Grifoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2013BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-6732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2013BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Agust\u00ed Mart\u00edn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agust\u00ed Mart\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2013BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2013BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025729746","display_name":"Yusheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-3423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-3423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074347830","display_name":"Jiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-2984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086235934","display_name":"Pengjun Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3834-1401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengjun Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086235934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.6478,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92069736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"338","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12316","display_name":"Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.7008811831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4454280138015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.42543643712997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.41990649700164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.30534523725509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2610863447189331}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.7008811831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4454280138015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42543643712997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.41990649700164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30534523725509644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2610863447189331}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/338/pdf?version=1746093635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/113546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/113546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/450818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/450818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a0534399e844c0a863e0fedca9fac78","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a0534399e844c0a863e0fedca9fac78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 338 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/338/pdf?version=1746093635","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523942370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C01180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1548553339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C01180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1700908837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G265104915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EC H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3264396487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4221085132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6031539609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C01180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F8142712028","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6853325547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0194700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7219323577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7663964380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0194700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8100377846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023H020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G985140010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023H020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322605","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8142712028","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410000368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410000368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005987773","https://openalex.org/W2113942286","https://openalex.org/W2128706228","https://openalex.org/W2150828505","https://openalex.org/W2153595412","https://openalex.org/W2160344395","https://openalex.org/W2215741675","https://openalex.org/W2406149533","https://openalex.org/W2470137962","https://openalex.org/W2759597936","https://openalex.org/W3033138658","https://openalex.org/W3049289993","https://openalex.org/W3083334415","https://openalex.org/W3102109680","https://openalex.org/W3126271377","https://openalex.org/W3154451294","https://openalex.org/W3155529473","https://openalex.org/W3213622692","https://openalex.org/W4229019501","https://openalex.org/W4229025917","https://openalex.org/W4252143028","https://openalex.org/W4281671368","https://openalex.org/W4309631282","https://openalex.org/W4321014814","https://openalex.org/W4322755617","https://openalex.org/W4379932761","https://openalex.org/W4383552297","https://openalex.org/W4385782819","https://openalex.org/W4386565674","https://openalex.org/W4388732213","https://openalex.org/W4391041324","https://openalex.org/W4393044893","https://openalex.org/W4393398138","https://openalex.org/W4395112684","https://openalex.org/W4398200803","https://openalex.org/W4398759650","https://openalex.org/W4399176652","https://openalex.org/W4399458236","https://openalex.org/W4399517998","https://openalex.org/W4400076716","https://openalex.org/W4402725418","https://openalex.org/W4402824901","https://openalex.org/W4405664163","https://openalex.org/W4407638234","https://openalex.org/W4407774159","https://openalex.org/W4409259854","https://openalex.org/W6719764863","https://openalex.org/W6877226925","https://openalex.org/W6877814675"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2417158417","https://openalex.org/W2162350346","https://openalex.org/W2000498638","https://openalex.org/W2085558045","https://openalex.org/W4210784828","https://openalex.org/W2013166250","https://openalex.org/W3193040745","https://openalex.org/W2967550622","https://openalex.org/W1973232003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"collisions":[1],"pose":[2],"a":[3,57,112,191,206,237,260],"significant":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,27,35,79,169,173],"maritime":[7],"safety,":[8],"especially":[9],"in":[10,47,74,186,224,270],"congested":[11],"precautionary":[12,75,188,227,234],"areas":[13,76],"with":[14,162],"high":[15],"vessel":[16,119,184],"traffic":[17],"density.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"collision":[20,61,150,193,222,257,267],"risk":[21,62,151,194,223,238,268],"assessment":[22,63,269],"methods,":[23],"such":[24,121,129],"as":[25,122,130],"distance":[26,104],"closest":[28,36],"point":[29,37],"of":[30,38,88,149,183,208,215,240,249],"approach":[31,39,59],"(DCPA)":[32],"and":[33,45,109,125,133,141,158,176,247,255,263],"time":[34],"(TCPA),":[40],"often":[41],"overlook":[42],"environmental":[43],"uncertainties":[44],"variations":[46],"human":[48],"response.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"limitations,":[53],"this":[54],"study":[55,198],"proposes":[56],"novel":[58],"for":[60,253,266],"using":[64,199],"automatic":[65],"identification":[66,87],"system":[67],"(AIS)":[68],"data.":[69],"AIS":[70,200],"data":[71,201],"from":[72,202],"vessels":[73],"are":[77,135],"resampled":[78],"synchronize":[80],"their":[81],"temporal":[82],"frameworks,":[83],"enabling":[84],"the":[85,100,187,213,216,220,225,232,245,250],"systematic":[86],"ship":[89,102,114,123,210],"encounters.":[90],"Each":[91],"encounter":[92,103],"is":[93,160,229],"analyzed":[94],"by":[95],"evaluating":[96,254],"critical":[97],"parameters,":[98],"including":[99],"minimum":[101],"(MSED),":[105],"relative":[106],"azimuth":[107],"angles,":[108],"trajectories,":[110],"within":[111],"customized":[113],"domain":[115],"model":[116],"that":[117],"incorporates":[118],"characteristics":[120],"length":[124],"course.":[126],"Key":[127],"metrics,":[128],"intrusion":[131,156,166],"depth":[132,157,167],"time,":[134,159],"calculated":[136],"based":[137],"on":[138,165],"vessels\u2019":[139],"entry":[140],"exit":[142],"points":[143],"during":[144],"each":[145],"encounter.":[146],"A":[147,196],"set":[148],"indices,":[152],"which":[153],"integrates":[154],"both":[155],"introduced,":[161],"particular":[163],"emphasis":[164],"due":[168],"its":[170],"heightened":[171],"sensitivity":[172],"proximity":[174],"danger":[175],"constrained":[177],"maneuvering":[178],"space.":[179],"An":[180],"extensive":[181],"analysis":[182],"interactions":[185],"area":[189,228,235],"establishes":[190],"holistic":[192,221],"index.":[195],"case":[197],"Ningbo\u2013Zhoushan":[203],"Port,":[204],"involving":[205],"dataset":[207],"1000":[209],"encounters,":[211],"demonstrates":[212],"effectiveness":[214,246],"proposed":[217,251],"method.":[218],"Specifically,":[219],"No.2":[226],"0.456,":[230],"while":[231],"No.3":[233],"shows":[236],"value":[239],"0.443.":[241],"These":[242],"results":[243],"confirm":[244],"feasibility":[248],"method":[252],"classifying":[256],"risks,":[258],"offering":[259],"more":[261],"precise":[262],"reliable":[264],"framework":[265],"complex":[271],"navigational":[272],"environments.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}