{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410000144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050336","title":"Market Entry or Outsourcing? Game Analyzing Coastal Piggybacking Within Horizontal Competition","display_name":"Market Entry or Outsourcing? Game Analyzing Coastal Piggybacking Within Horizontal Competition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410000144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050336","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/336/pdf?version=1746085673","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/336/pdf?version=1746085673","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041581500","display_name":"Naimeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naimeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451795","display_name":"Rong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-5489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Logistics Research Center, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logistics Research Center, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081883041","display_name":"Bin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-7592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100451795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11714671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"336","last_page":"336"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9192000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5111463665962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.5063992738723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.5014629364013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1204734742641449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5111463665962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5063992738723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5014629364013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1204734742641449}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050336","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/336/pdf?version=1746085673","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba070750719047cfafd72410d948766c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba070750719047cfafd72410d948766c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 336 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13050336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050336","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/5/336/pdf?version=1746085673","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410000144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410000144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027923584","https://openalex.org/W2031816876","https://openalex.org/W2108639874","https://openalex.org/W2435082604","https://openalex.org/W2483007341","https://openalex.org/W2564601999","https://openalex.org/W2571393886","https://openalex.org/W2742770323","https://openalex.org/W2779125796","https://openalex.org/W2782873245","https://openalex.org/W2791652129","https://openalex.org/W2884657239","https://openalex.org/W2905818864","https://openalex.org/W2940561826","https://openalex.org/W2953546939","https://openalex.org/W2954803143","https://openalex.org/W2977591925","https://openalex.org/W3009045409","https://openalex.org/W3022914857","https://openalex.org/W3133375421","https://openalex.org/W3143875174","https://openalex.org/W3167991210","https://openalex.org/W3191225910","https://openalex.org/W4283278170","https://openalex.org/W4302287571","https://openalex.org/W4303418699","https://openalex.org/W4380324030","https://openalex.org/W4383163723","https://openalex.org/W4387811677","https://openalex.org/W4391731152","https://openalex.org/W4391871011","https://openalex.org/W4392769041","https://openalex.org/W4400306863","https://openalex.org/W4401795508","https://openalex.org/W4403911607","https://openalex.org/W4406909645","https://openalex.org/W6795348251","https://openalex.org/W6809986799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088328151","https://openalex.org/W3165372770","https://openalex.org/W2080412177","https://openalex.org/W801579661","https://openalex.org/W1972576569","https://openalex.org/W1977077237","https://openalex.org/W1987737131","https://openalex.org/W3125930504","https://openalex.org/W2375330182","https://openalex.org/W2192670466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63],"shipping":[1,13,46,55,93],"industry":[2],"employs":[3],"various":[4],"strategies":[5],"for":[6,110,151],"outsourcing":[7,214],"between":[8,65],"freight":[9,69,98,137,158],"forwarders":[10,22,70],"and":[11,18,59,68,100,115,182,212],"ocean":[12],"(OS)":[14],"companies,":[15],"including":[16],"consignment":[17],"turnkey":[19],"strategies.":[20],"Freight":[21],"often":[23],"have":[24],"a":[25,91,97,131,144,227],"competitive":[26,229],"edge":[27],"in":[28,37,71,226],"cargo":[29,210],"canvassing,":[30],"but":[31],"many":[32],"OS":[33,48,66,103,165,172,198,217],"companies":[34,49,67,104,166,173],"still":[35],"engage":[36],"this":[38,75,233],"practice.":[39],"With":[40,189],"China\u2019s":[41],"new":[42],"policy":[43,76,242],"liberalizing":[44],"coastal":[45,54,57,60,86,112,240],"rights,":[47],"are":[50,180,187],"presented":[51],"with":[52],"two":[53,101],"tactics:":[56],"transition":[58],"piggyback":[61,87,113,241],"(CPB).":[62],"interaction":[64],"the":[72,85,111,136,157,175,196,202,223,236,248],"context":[73],"of":[74,239,250],"change":[77],"raises":[78],"important":[79],"strategic":[80],"questions.":[81],"This":[82],"study":[83],"examines":[84,235],"business":[88],"model":[89],"within":[90],"three-tier":[92],"supply":[94,230,252],"chain,":[95],"involving":[96],"forwarder":[99,203],"competing":[102],"(OS1,":[105],"which":[106,117],"does":[107],"not":[108,149],"qualify":[109],"policy,":[114],"OS2,":[116],"does)":[118],"using":[119],"game":[120,123],"theory.":[121],"Through":[122],"analysis,":[124],"we":[125],"find":[126],"that":[127],"CPB":[128,147],"may":[129,221],"represent":[130],"myopic":[132],"equilibrium.":[133],"Specifically,":[134],"when":[135,177,185],"forwarder\u2019s":[138,159,224],"cargo-canvassing":[139],"capability":[140,160],"is":[141,148,161],"higher":[142],"than":[143],"certain":[145],"threshold,":[146],"advantageous":[150],"OS2\u2019s":[152],"market":[153,176,206,219],"entry.":[154],"Conversely,":[155],"if":[156],"relatively":[162],"low,":[163],"both":[164],"can":[167,204],"benefit":[168],"from":[169],"CPB.":[170],"Additionally,":[171],"enter":[174],"entry":[178,207,220],"costs":[179,186],"low":[181],"avoid":[183],"it":[184],"high.":[188],"moderate":[190],"costs,":[191],"their":[192],"strategy":[193],"depends":[194],"on":[195,247],"other":[197],"company\u2019s":[199],"actions.":[200],"Interestingly,":[201],"deter":[205],"by":[208,243],"enhancing":[209],"canvassing":[211],"adjusting":[213],"tactics.":[215],"Notably,":[216],"companies\u2019":[218],"boost":[222],"payoffs":[225],"horizontally":[228],"chain.":[231],"Furthermore,":[232],"research":[234],"economic":[237],"sustainability":[238],"analyzing":[244],"its":[245],"impacts":[246],"profitability":[249],"all":[251],"chain":[253],"members.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}