{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407037153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020088","title":"A Generalized Framework for Adversarial Attack Detection and Prevention Using Grad-CAM and Clustering Techniques","display_name":"A Generalized Framework for Adversarial Attack Detection and Prevention Using Grad-CAM and Clustering Techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407037153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/88/pdf?version=1738319863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/88/pdf?version=1738319863","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jeong-Hyun Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3469-494X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong-Hyun Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Security, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro 152, Yongin-si 16890, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3469-494X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Security, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro 152, Yongin-si 16890, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059222597","display_name":"Hyun Min Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Min Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Security, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro 152, Yongin-si 16890, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-4231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Security, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro 152, Yongin-si 16890, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059222597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":5.5132,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94973814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"88","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7947750687599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.726840078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.703382134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6231679320335388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6082689166069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5435622930526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5123790502548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4782651662826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4357779622077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3348240852355957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7947750687599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.726840078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.703382134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6231679320335388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6082689166069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5435622930526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5123790502548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4782651662826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4357779622077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3348240852355957}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/88/pdf?version=1738319863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c8646e763634f6b91f4ba5813c8d426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c8646e763634f6b91f4ba5813c8d426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 88 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/88/pdf?version=1738319863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407037153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407037153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2781800156","https://openalex.org/W2790437783","https://openalex.org/W2835378829","https://openalex.org/W2890038638","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2973798619","https://openalex.org/W2981495453","https://openalex.org/W3009542902","https://openalex.org/W3102720581","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3160456797","https://openalex.org/W4400024228","https://openalex.org/W4403094354","https://openalex.org/W6754108890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622964048","https://openalex.org/W30315714","https://openalex.org/W1906975550","https://openalex.org/W1965274140","https://openalex.org/W779885325","https://openalex.org/W2150972844","https://openalex.org/W2393615320","https://openalex.org/W3110435694","https://openalex.org/W2001760863","https://openalex.org/W2185145003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Through":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,21,81],"AI-based":[3],"computer":[4],"vision":[5],"technology,":[6],"the":[7,48,105,125],"performance":[8,130],"of":[9,50,137,142,148,153,160,165],"modern":[10],"image":[11],"classification":[12,42,51,119],"models":[13,43,52,120],"has":[14],"surpassed":[15],"human":[16],"perception,":[17],"making":[18],"them":[19],"valuable":[20],"various":[22,78],"fields.":[23],"However,":[24],"adversarial":[25,62,92,179],"attacks,":[26],"which":[27],"involve":[28],"small":[29],"changes":[30],"to":[31,38,44,60,77,114],"images":[32],"that":[33,53,121,132,170],"are":[34,67],"hard":[35],"for":[36,70,90,108],"humans":[37],"perceive,":[39],"can":[40],"cause":[41],"misclassify":[45],"images.":[46],"Considering":[47],"availability":[49],"use":[54],"neural":[55],"networks,":[56],"it":[57],"is":[58],"crucial":[59],"prevent":[61],"attacks.":[63,93],"Recent":[64],"detection":[65],"methods":[66],"only":[68,174],"effective":[69],"specific":[71],"attacks":[72,180],"or":[73],"cannot":[74],"be":[75],"applied":[76,111],"models.":[79],"Therefore,":[80],"this":[82,112],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"proposed":[85],"an":[86,99,135,140,146,151,158,163],"attention":[87],"mechanism-based":[88],"method":[89,113,172],"detecting":[91],"We":[94,110],"utilized":[95],"a":[96],"framework":[97],"using":[98],"ensemble":[100],"model,":[101],"Grad-CAM":[102],"and":[103,117,139,150,155,162,185],"calculated":[104],"silhouette":[106],"coefficient":[107],"detection.":[109],"Resnet18,":[115],"Mobilenetv2,":[116],"VGG16":[118,156],"were":[122],"fine-tuned":[123],"on":[124],"CIFAR-10":[126],"dataset.":[127],"The":[128,167],"average":[129],"demonstrated":[131,169],"Mobilenetv2":[133],"achieved":[134,145,157],"F1-Score":[136,147,159],"0.9022":[138],"accuracy":[141,152,164],"0.9103,":[143],"Resnet18":[144],"0.9124":[149],"0.9302,":[154],"0.9185":[161],"0.9252.":[166],"results":[168],"our":[171],"not":[173],"detects":[175],"but":[176],"also":[177],"prevents":[178],"by":[181],"mitigating":[182],"their":[183],"effects":[184],"effectively":[186],"restoring":[187],"labels.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
