{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406667375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070","title":"A Reference Architecture for Smart Car Parking Management Systems","display_name":"A Reference Architecture for Smart Car Parking Management Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406667375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/70/pdf?version=1737464977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/70/pdf?version=1737464977","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008241331","display_name":"Mert Ozkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2329-9925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100072489","display_name":"Yeditepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/025mx2575","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mert Ozkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2329-9925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115969642","display_name":"Alper Turunc","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alper Turunc","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFDS, Istanbul 34746, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFDS, Istanbul 34746, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008241331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":3.6924,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92256252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"70","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6179416179656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48753592371940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.32752126455307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27376604080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.1145438551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.05496135354042053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6179416179656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48753592371940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.32752126455307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27376604080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.1145438551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.05496135354042053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/70/pdf?version=1737464977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a8b7eac2b03484d9ec7968e9af60cd4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a8b7eac2b03484d9ec7968e9af60cd4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 70 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems13020070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/2/70/pdf?version=1737464977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406667375.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406667375.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523453234","https://openalex.org/W1525330035","https://openalex.org/W1583981513","https://openalex.org/W2038476425","https://openalex.org/W2078536277","https://openalex.org/W2087920662","https://openalex.org/W2096718268","https://openalex.org/W2099213660","https://openalex.org/W2122824813","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2209541064","https://openalex.org/W2333269340","https://openalex.org/W2347114871","https://openalex.org/W2422413318","https://openalex.org/W2554586497","https://openalex.org/W2606393334","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W2766189545","https://openalex.org/W2771206644","https://openalex.org/W2783108841","https://openalex.org/W2802492649","https://openalex.org/W2890690833","https://openalex.org/W2893476924","https://openalex.org/W2909750883","https://openalex.org/W2921044288","https://openalex.org/W2942024964","https://openalex.org/W2982575771","https://openalex.org/W2984881398","https://openalex.org/W2996307556","https://openalex.org/W2999510623","https://openalex.org/W3013040873","https://openalex.org/W3019182551","https://openalex.org/W3020409795","https://openalex.org/W3023520985","https://openalex.org/W3101234243","https://openalex.org/W3158212108","https://openalex.org/W3160846816","https://openalex.org/W3175515445","https://openalex.org/W3183081177","https://openalex.org/W4239595007","https://openalex.org/W4244523581","https://openalex.org/W4321073090","https://openalex.org/W4375851235","https://openalex.org/W4379116873","https://openalex.org/W4395689795","https://openalex.org/W6631255120","https://openalex.org/W6717385913","https://openalex.org/W6797788506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"car":[1,16],"parking":[2,17],"management":[3,14],"systems":[4],"(SPMSs)":[5],"have":[6,24],"gained":[7],"an":[8],"ever-increasing":[9],"popularity":[10],"for":[11,27,43,60,86,92,148,187,194],"the":[12,29,44,61,81,108,110,115,118,125,131,140,150,170,173,178,181],"digital":[13],"of":[15,46,80,128,153,175],"processes.":[18],"While":[19],"various":[20],"techniques":[21],"and":[22,83,99,101,120,130,166,177,200],"technologies":[23],"been":[25],"proposed":[26],"SPMSs,":[28,129],"literature":[30],"lacks":[31],"in":[32],"any":[33,154],"generic":[34],"software":[35,116,137],"architecture":[36,58,127,152],"design":[37,73,186],"that":[38,78],"can":[39,145],"be":[40,146,192],"reused":[41],"systematically":[42],"specifications":[45],"quality":[47],"SPMS":[48,62,163,202],"architectures.":[49],"To":[50],"bridge":[51],"this":[52],"gap,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,67,75,161],"reference":[57],"(RA)":[59],"product":[63],"family":[64],"after":[65],"performing":[66],"comprehensive":[68],"domain":[69],"analysis.":[70],"Our":[71],"RA":[72,159,176,185],"offers":[74],"feature":[76],"model":[77],"consists":[79],"common":[82],"varying":[84],"features":[85],"SPMSs.":[87,155],"We":[88,156],"offer":[89],"multiple":[90],"viewpoints":[91],"our":[93,158],"RA,":[94],"including":[95],"context,":[96],"module,":[97],"component":[98,119],"connector,":[100],"allocation.":[102],"The":[103,184],"context":[104],"viewpoint":[105,112,122,133,144],"focuses":[106,113,123,134],"on":[107,114,124,135],"stakeholders,":[109],"module":[111],"units,":[117],"connector":[121],"layered":[126],"allocation":[132],"mapping":[136],"units":[138],"into":[139],"physical":[141],"components.":[142],"Each":[143],"re-used":[147],"specifying":[149],"application":[151],"validated":[157],"with":[160],"real":[162],"scenario":[164],"specification":[165],"prototype":[167],"development,":[168],"where":[169],"former":[171],"measures":[172,180],"reusability":[174],"latter":[179],"development":[182],"performance.":[183],"SPMSs":[188],"is":[189],"expected":[190],"to":[191],"useful":[193],"several":[195],"stakeholders":[196],"who":[197],"research,":[198],"develop,":[199],"sell":[201],"solutions.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
