{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404059450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110472","title":"Simulation and Optimization of Automated Guided Vehicle Charging Strategy for U-Shaped Automated Container Terminal Based on Improved Proximal Policy Optimization","display_name":"Simulation and Optimization of Automated Guided Vehicle Charging Strategy for U-Shaped Automated Container Terminal Based on Improved Proximal Policy Optimization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404059450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12110472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/11/472/pdf?version=1730874059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/11/472/pdf?version=1730874059","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430176","display_name":"Yongsheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000348856","display_name":"Jianyi Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111314701","display_name":"Junkai Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junkai Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430176"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.3277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81403459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"472","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.8515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.8515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.8376445770263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.7235140204429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5070219039916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3440793752670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3320428133010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31843364238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1646154224872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10987362265586853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.8376445770263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.7235140204429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5070219039916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3440793752670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3320428133010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31843364238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1646154224872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10987362265586853}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12110472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/11/472/pdf?version=1730874059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a3c701d86464220944590ab74b5f4ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a3c701d86464220944590ab74b5f4ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 12, Iss 11, p 472 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12110472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/11/472/pdf?version=1730874059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404059450.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595923487","https://openalex.org/W2793666733","https://openalex.org/W2810588647","https://openalex.org/W2899639849","https://openalex.org/W2923772181","https://openalex.org/W3038602190","https://openalex.org/W3046666013","https://openalex.org/W3087516877","https://openalex.org/W3092108857","https://openalex.org/W3136681113","https://openalex.org/W3169302998","https://openalex.org/W3193936373","https://openalex.org/W3194012445","https://openalex.org/W3203833746","https://openalex.org/W4220659212","https://openalex.org/W4288060374","https://openalex.org/W4309182048","https://openalex.org/W4311529949","https://openalex.org/W4313532150","https://openalex.org/W4324056855","https://openalex.org/W4366156701","https://openalex.org/W4386485526","https://openalex.org/W4386995920","https://openalex.org/W4387569849","https://openalex.org/W4388061181","https://openalex.org/W4390429554","https://openalex.org/W4390645236","https://openalex.org/W4391197692","https://openalex.org/W4391404121","https://openalex.org/W4391683525","https://openalex.org/W4393039383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385513635","https://openalex.org/W3091902527","https://openalex.org/W2285417236","https://openalex.org/W3083144655","https://openalex.org/W2810978322","https://openalex.org/W2139400310","https://openalex.org/W3211575585","https://openalex.org/W2387963103","https://openalex.org/W188747839","https://openalex.org/W1508129380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,57,96,112,116,127,131,138,145,153,167,186,200],"decarbonization":[2],"strategies":[3,50,74],"of":[4,130,137,199],"automated":[5],"container":[6],"terminals":[7],"(ACTs)":[8],"continue":[9],"to":[10,37,47,52,55,98,193],"advance,":[11],"electrically":[12],"powered":[13],"Battery-Automated":[14],"Guided":[15],"Vehicles":[16],"(B-AGVs)":[17],"are":[18,93],"being":[19],"widely":[20],"adopted":[21],"in":[22,75,102,111,197],"ACTs.":[23,133],"The":[24,148],"U-shaped":[25,76,132],"ACT,":[26],"as":[27],"a":[28,67,120,173],"novel":[29],"layout,":[30],"faces":[31],"higher":[32],"AGV":[33,72],"energy":[34],"consumption":[35],"due":[36],"its":[38],"deep":[39],"yard":[40],"characteristics.":[41],"A":[42],"key":[43],"issue":[44],"is":[45,123,141],"how":[46],"adopt":[48],"charging":[49,73,170,175,184,188],"suited":[51],"varying":[53,183],"conditions":[54],"reduce":[56],"operational":[58,128],"capacity":[59],"loss":[60],"caused":[61],"by":[62,125],"charging.":[63],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"proposes":[66],"simulation-based":[68],"optimization":[69],"method":[70,140,155],"for":[71],"ACTs":[77],"based":[78,143],"on":[79,144],"an":[80],"improved":[81],"Proximal":[82],"Policy":[83],"Optimization":[84],"(PPO)":[85],"algorithm.":[86],"Firstly,":[87],"Gated":[88],"Recurrent":[89],"Unit":[90],"(GRU)":[91],"structures":[92],"incorporated":[94],"into":[95],"PPO":[97,160],"capture":[99],"temporal":[100],"correlations":[101],"state":[103],"information.":[104],"To":[105],"effectively":[106],"limit":[107],"policy":[108],"update":[109],"magnitudes":[110],"PPO,":[113],"we":[114],"improve":[115],"clipping":[117],"function.":[118],"Secondly,":[119],"simulation":[121,146],"model":[122],"established":[124],"mimicking":[126],"process":[129],"Lastly,":[134],"iterative":[135],"training":[136],"proposed":[139,154,168,187],"conducted":[142],"model.":[147],"experimental":[149],"results":[150],"indicate":[151],"that":[152],"converges":[156],"faster":[157],"than":[158],"standard":[159],"and":[161],"Deep":[162],"Q-network":[163],"(DQN).":[164],"When":[165],"comparing":[166],"method-based":[169],"threshold":[171,176],"with":[172,182],"fixed":[174],"strategy":[177,189],"across":[178],"six":[179],"different":[180],"scenarios":[181],"rates,":[185],"demonstrates":[190],"better":[191],"adaptability":[192],"terminal":[194],"condition":[195],"variations":[196],"two-thirds":[198],"scenarios.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}