{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403247535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100420","title":"Dynamic Multi-Granularity Translation System: DAG-Structured Multi-Granularity Representation and Self-Attention","display_name":"Dynamic Multi-Granularity Translation System: DAG-Structured Multi-Granularity Representation and Self-Attention","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403247535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12100420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/10/420/pdf?version=1728462675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/10/420/pdf?version=1728462675","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111358223","display_name":"Shenrong Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenrong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000683189","display_name":"Bo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-4006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111358224","display_name":"Ruiyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1652-3928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1652-3928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029777041","display_name":"Siyu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5903-4117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052594084","display_name":"Jiawei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-7461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-7461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062384828","display_name":"Wenfeng Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-1654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenfeng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-1654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770555","display_name":"Xiaobing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-4318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-4318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023971713","display_name":"Lirong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5022-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lirong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5022-610X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062384828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":6.0858,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9682237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"420","last_page":"420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.9628727436065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6109858155250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6104505062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6096326112747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3823936879634857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15760120749473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09315764904022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07797324657440186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.9628727436065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6109858155250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6104505062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6096326112747192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3823936879634857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15760120749473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09315764904022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07797324657440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12100420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/10/420/pdf?version=1728462675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8bcb5baf350d4f90936f982c056af6a7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8bcb5baf350d4f90936f982c056af6a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 420 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems12100420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/12/10/420/pdf?version=1728462675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403247535.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2527133236","https://openalex.org/W2595715041","https://openalex.org/W2800490029","https://openalex.org/W2933138175","https://openalex.org/W2962732637","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W3167664986","https://openalex.org/W3188336352","https://openalex.org/W3197762246","https://openalex.org/W3199031461","https://openalex.org/W4213056849","https://openalex.org/W4214859724","https://openalex.org/W4221150379","https://openalex.org/W4280526847","https://openalex.org/W4281755263","https://openalex.org/W4285044010","https://openalex.org/W4290647170","https://openalex.org/W4307874711","https://openalex.org/W4309703286","https://openalex.org/W4309756409","https://openalex.org/W4364376887","https://openalex.org/W4401042993","https://openalex.org/W4402669725","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6800853099","https://openalex.org/W6809735236","https://openalex.org/W6837957646","https://openalex.org/W6839090041","https://openalex.org/W6839876062","https://openalex.org/W6845971343","https://openalex.org/W6847112933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W2999756192","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W2166690231","https://openalex.org/W2950637221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"neural":[1],"machine":[2],"translation":[3,50,144],"(NMT),":[4],"the":[5,15,42,58,69,87,107,121,127,167,170],"sophistication":[6],"of":[7,31,44,92,149,169],"word":[8,32,93,100],"embeddings":[9,101],"plays":[10],"a":[11,82],"pivotal":[12],"role":[13],"in":[14,143,153,172],"model\u2019s":[16],"ability":[17],"to":[18,105,119],"render":[19],"accurate":[20],"and":[21,49,77,151],"contextually":[22],"relevant":[23],"translations.":[24],"However,":[25],"conventional":[26,122],"models":[27],"with":[28],"single":[29],"granularity":[30,43],"segmentation":[33,45,94],"cannot":[34],"fully":[35],"embed":[36],"complex":[37],"languages":[38],"like":[39],"Chinese,":[40],"where":[41,132],"significantly":[46],"impacts":[47],"understanding":[48],"fidelity.":[51],"Addressing":[52],"these":[53],"challenges,":[54],"our":[55,133],"study":[56],"introduces":[57],"Dynamic":[59,99],"Multi-Granularity":[60],"Translation":[61],"System":[62],"(DMGTS),":[63],"an":[64],"innovative":[65],"approach":[66],"that":[67],"enhances":[68],"Transformer":[70],"model":[71],"by":[72,110,147],"incorporating":[73,111],"multi-granularity":[74,78,96,112],"position":[75,97],"encoding":[76],"self-attention":[79,115,123],"mechanisms.":[80],"Leveraging":[81],"Directed":[83],"Acyclic":[84],"Graph":[85],"(DAG),":[86],"DMGTS":[88,128,171],"utilizes":[89],"four":[90],"levels":[91],"for":[95],"encoding.":[98],"are":[102,117],"also":[103],"introduced":[104],"enhance":[106],"lexical":[108],"representation":[109],"features.":[113],"Multi-granularity":[114],"mechanisms":[116],"applied":[118],"replace":[120],"layers.":[124],"We":[125],"evaluate":[126],"on":[129],"multiple":[130],"datasets,":[131],"system":[134],"demonstrates":[135],"marked":[136],"improvements.":[137],"Notably,":[138],"it":[139],"achieves":[140],"significant":[141],"enhancements":[142],"quality,":[145],"evidenced":[146],"increases":[148],"1.16":[150],"1.55":[152],"Bilingual":[154],"Evaluation":[155],"Understudy":[156],"(BLEU)":[157],"scores":[158],"over":[159],"traditional":[160],"static":[161],"embedding":[162],"methods.":[163],"These":[164],"results":[165],"underscore":[166],"efficacy":[168],"refining":[173],"NMT":[174],"performance.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}