{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387140778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498","title":"Hierarchical Coordinated Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles Considering the Battery\u2019s SOC","display_name":"Hierarchical Coordinated Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles Considering the Battery\u2019s SOC","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387140778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11100498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/10/498/pdf?version=1695903701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/10/498/pdf?version=1695903701","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044370400","display_name":"Wenya Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4244-0800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063465375","display_name":"Zhangyu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1318-8095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1318-8095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430970","display_name":"Xu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101296511","display_name":"Yingjun Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjun Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Vehicle Power and Transmission System, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063465375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.6316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67542061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"498","last_page":"498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.6568341255187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.619316816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6152783632278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5889867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.5690139532089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5279221534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.52178955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45841073989868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercapacitor","display_name":"Supercapacitor","score":0.4535823464393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.448050320148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4345184862613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4269804060459137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.4240879714488983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.42273640632629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.33444806933403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.1890225112438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16047459840774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.11485102772712708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.6568341255187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.619316816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6152783632278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5889867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.5690139532089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5279221534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.52178955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45841073989868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.4535823464393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.448050320148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4345184862613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4269804060459137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.4240879714488983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42273640632629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.33444806933403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1890225112438202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16047459840774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.11485102772712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11100498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/10/498/pdf?version=1695903701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a816fe202fd24b8a849c1d44b2a1e305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a816fe202fd24b8a849c1d44b2a1e305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 498 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/11/10/498/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11100498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11100498","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/10/498/pdf?version=1695903701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6082130287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328214","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387140778.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043765345","https://openalex.org/W2051015123","https://openalex.org/W2562524696","https://openalex.org/W2581231370","https://openalex.org/W2766979576","https://openalex.org/W2768134755","https://openalex.org/W2769437798","https://openalex.org/W2894702544","https://openalex.org/W2913366833","https://openalex.org/W3023120632","https://openalex.org/W3024926216","https://openalex.org/W3027250140","https://openalex.org/W3108486830","https://openalex.org/W3135889082","https://openalex.org/W3167122789","https://openalex.org/W3198254444","https://openalex.org/W3201612959","https://openalex.org/W3215266641","https://openalex.org/W3215991428","https://openalex.org/W4210912082","https://openalex.org/W4211147054","https://openalex.org/W4212983666","https://openalex.org/W4213423959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749199243","https://openalex.org/W2003264037","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W4390571837","https://openalex.org/W2133545517","https://openalex.org/W2352231626","https://openalex.org/W2964681094","https://openalex.org/W2577786578","https://openalex.org/W2185691408","https://openalex.org/W2896932934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"combines":[2],"two":[3],"types":[4],"of":[5,54,73,76,152,187,206,214],"energy":[6,20,39,82],"storage":[7,21],"components,":[8],"the":[9,33,51,55,71,77,127,134,141,145,150,165,185,188,194,202,207,211,215],"battery":[10,189,208],"and":[11,65,92,144,180,193,209],"supercapacitor":[12],"(SC),":[13],"to":[14,88,93,111,125,139,148,174],"form":[15],"a":[16,25,36,79,95,99,104,117,169],"fully":[17,56],"active":[18,57],"hybrid":[19],"system":[22],"(HESS)":[23],"as":[24],"power":[26,90],"source":[27],"for":[28,98],"electric":[29],"vehicles":[30],"(EVs).":[31],"At":[32],"same":[34],"time,":[35],"hierarchical":[37],"coordinated":[38],"management":[40,83],"strategy":[41,84,136,167],"based":[42,61],"on":[43,62],"model":[44,53],"predictive":[45,107],"control":[46],"(HCEMS-MPC)":[47],"is":[48,59,86,109,123],"presented.":[49],"Firstly,":[50],"mathematical":[52],"HESS":[58],"obtained":[60],"Kirchhoff\u2019s":[63],"law":[64],"state-space":[66],"modeling":[67],"technology.":[68],"Secondly,":[69],"considering":[70],"state":[72],"charge":[74],"(SOC)":[75],"battery,":[78],"fuzzy-control-based":[80],"upper-level":[81],"(EMS)":[85],"proposed":[87],"optimize":[89],"allocation":[91],"generate":[94],"reference":[96],"current":[97,101,106,114],"lower-level":[100,105,118],"controller.":[102],"Then,":[103],"controller":[108,122,154],"designed":[110,124],"achieve":[112],"accurate":[113],"tracking.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"voltage":[119],"sliding":[120],"mode":[121],"stabilize":[126],"bus":[128],"voltage.":[129],"Compared":[130],"with":[131,172],"previous":[132],"works,":[133],"HCEMS-MPC":[135,166],"only":[137],"needs":[138],"adjust":[140],"weight":[142],"matrix":[143],"reaching":[146],"term":[147],"avoid":[149],"problem":[151],"excessive":[153],"parameters.":[155],"The":[156],"simulation":[157],"results,":[158],"under":[159],"different":[160],"driving":[161],"conditions,":[162],"show":[163],"that":[164],"has":[168],"better":[170],"performance":[171],"respect":[173],"its":[175],"fast":[176],"response,":[177],"error":[178],"reduction,":[179],"robust":[181],"stability.":[182],"In":[183],"addition,":[184],"SOC":[186,196],"decreases":[190],"more":[191],"slowly,":[192],"final":[195],"value":[197],"significantly":[198],"increases,":[199],"thereby":[200],"extending":[201],"single-discharge":[203],"cycle":[204],"time":[205],"improving":[210],"service":[212],"life":[213],"battery.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-09-29T00:00:00"}
