{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386837328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11090476","title":"A Blockchain-Based Framework to Make the Rice Crop Supply Chain Transparent and Reliable in Agriculture","display_name":"A Blockchain-Based Framework to Make the Rice Crop Supply Chain Transparent and Reliable in Agriculture","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386837328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11090476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11090476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11090476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/9/476/pdf?version=1695038935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/9/476/pdf?version=1695038935","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108009389","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Farooq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4095-8868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4095-8868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064163862","display_name":"Shamyla Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4947-8633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamyla Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112201282","display_name":"I. U. Rehman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibtesam Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104170697","display_name":"Muhammad Asad Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of System and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084524334","display_name":"Bilal Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-1134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University UK London Campus, London E1 7HT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-1134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University UK London Campus, London E1 7HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084524334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":10.5655,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98165779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"476","last_page":"476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12583","display_name":"Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.871130108833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6941637992858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6514338850975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.6100145578384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"Food security","score":0.5745947957038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.489539235830307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.4887983500957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.41455674171447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-science","display_name":"Agricultural science","score":0.32255059480667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commerce","display_name":"Commerce","score":0.3224526643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.32151907682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2752094268798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23347362875938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.16582781076431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.16384539008140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14079293608665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.12990334630012512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.871130108833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6941637992858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6514338850975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6100145578384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.5745947957038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.489539235830307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4887983500957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.41455674171447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.32255059480667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3224526643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.32151907682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2752094268798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23347362875938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16582781076431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.16384539008140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14079293608665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.12990334630012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11090476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11090476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/9/476/pdf?version=1695038935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5952cdfe7254081bcf9fa19c041d38a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5952cdfe7254081bcf9fa19c041d38a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 9, p 476 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11090476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11090476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/9/476/pdf?version=1695038935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386837328.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971593640","https://openalex.org/W2095058453","https://openalex.org/W2143087679","https://openalex.org/W2183812742","https://openalex.org/W2745485346","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2802453496","https://openalex.org/W2807034872","https://openalex.org/W2939663913","https://openalex.org/W2945437340","https://openalex.org/W3006577290","https://openalex.org/W3015631257","https://openalex.org/W3091614728","https://openalex.org/W3092843217","https://openalex.org/W3100048599","https://openalex.org/W3109286989","https://openalex.org/W4206386011","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4213092729","https://openalex.org/W4214764317","https://openalex.org/W4220862805","https://openalex.org/W4223892479","https://openalex.org/W4225135323","https://openalex.org/W6686575770","https://openalex.org/W6786009663","https://openalex.org/W6809146843","https://openalex.org/W6809633178","https://openalex.org/W6941549811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W4378212253","https://openalex.org/W4221078281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rice":[0,151],"is":[1,21,154,226],"one":[2],"of":[3,24,92,108,160,166,208,214,235,258,271],"the":[4,9,22,39,49,58,89,100,106,116,150,164,167,172,191,204,212,215,221,249,251,259],"major":[5],"food":[6,53],"crops":[7,95],"across":[8],"globe,":[10],"and":[11,14,36,113,129,179,183,206,238,246,279],"its":[12],"quality":[13],"safety":[15],"highly":[16],"influence":[17],"human":[18],"health.":[19],"It":[20],"basis":[23],"many":[25],"different":[26],"products,":[27],"including":[28,211],"rice":[29,31,34,40,59,74,94,117,137,168,209],"flour,":[30],"bread,":[32],"noodles,":[33],"vinegar,":[35],"others.":[37],"Therefore,":[38],"supply":[41,60,118,139,169,266],"chain":[42,61,267],"has":[43],"garnered":[44],"increasing":[45],"attention":[46],"due":[47,87],"to":[48,82,88,144,156,217,231,241,263],"high":[50,90],"demand":[51],"for":[52,136,190,203],"safety.":[54],"Furthermore,":[55,220],"malpractices":[56],"in":[57,73,115,228,269],"can":[62],"impact":[63],"farmers":[64],"by":[65],"generating":[66],"low":[67],"revenues":[68],"despite":[69],"their":[70],"great":[71],"efforts":[72],"cultivation.":[75],"In":[76,120,248],"addition,":[77],"they":[78],"would":[79],"cause":[80],"governments":[81],"suffer":[83],"significant":[84],"economic":[85,177],"losses":[86],"cost":[91],"importing":[93],"from":[96,105,142],"other":[97],"countries":[98],"during":[99],"off-season.":[101],"These":[102],"issues":[103],"derive":[104],"lack":[107],"reliability,":[109],"trust,":[110],"transparency,":[111,245],"traceability,":[112],"security":[114],"chain.":[119,170],"this":[121,229],"research,":[122],"we":[123],"propose":[124],"a":[125,134,158,180,197,255],"secure,":[126],"trusted,":[127],"reliable,":[128],"transparent":[130],"framework":[131,174,261],"based":[132],"on":[133,194],"Blockchain":[135],"crop":[138],"chain\u2019s":[140],"traceability":[141,207],"farm":[143],"fork.":[145],"A":[146],"new":[147,280],"crypto":[148,181],"token,":[149],"Coin":[152,187],"(RC),":[153],"introduced":[155],"keep":[157],"record":[159],"all":[161],"transactions":[162],"between":[163],"stakeholders":[165],"Moreover,":[171],"proposed":[173,227,260],"includes":[175],"an":[176,185],"model":[178],"wallet":[182],"introduces":[184],"Initial":[186],"Offering":[188],"(ICO)":[189],"RC.":[192],"Based":[193],"smart":[195],"contracts,":[196],"transaction":[198,272,275],"processing":[199],"system":[200],"was":[201],"developed":[202],"transparency":[205],"crops,":[210],"conversion":[213],"RC":[216],"fiat":[218],"currency.":[219],"InterPlanetary":[222],"File":[223],"System":[224],"(IPFS)":[225],"research":[230],"store":[232],"encrypted":[233],"data":[234,243],"companies,":[236],"retailers,":[237],"farmers,":[239],"so":[240],"increase":[242],"security,":[244],"availability.":[247],"end,":[250],"experimental":[252],"results":[253],"showed":[254],"better":[256],"performance":[257],"compared":[262],"already":[264],"available":[265],"solutions":[268],"terms":[270],"verification":[273],"time,":[274],"average":[276],"gas":[277],"cost,":[278],"block":[281],"latency.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
