{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385067971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372","title":"Students\u2019 Classroom Behavior Detection System Incorporating Deformable DETR with Swin Transformer and Light-Weight Feature Pyramid Network","display_name":"Students\u2019 Classroom Behavior Detection System Incorporating Deformable DETR with Swin Transformer and Light-Weight Feature Pyramid Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385067971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/372/pdf?version=1689850873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/372/pdf?version=1689850873","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008033496","display_name":"Zhifeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6960-509X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhifeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6960-509X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080113479","display_name":"Jialong Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3986-8835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005777441","display_name":"Chunyan Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-6692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-6692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102023575","display_name":"Longlong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-2680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longlong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCNU Wollongong Joint Institute, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006542157","display_name":"Cheng Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-923X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marxism, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marxism, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005777441","https://openalex.org/A5008033496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666","https://openalex.org/I74525822"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.5331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96720356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"372","last_page":"372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9598000049591064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7394537925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6144000887870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5966819524765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5728434324264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.5527863502502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45516785979270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4542255699634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43043607473373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38643553853034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1320570707321167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7394537925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6144000887870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5966819524765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5728434324264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5527863502502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45516785979270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4542255699634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43043607473373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38643553853034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1320570707321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/372/pdf?version=1689850873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b609c6ff2c374fd7a3e919ffddfd5382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b609c6ff2c374fd7a3e919ffddfd5382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 372 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/11/7/372/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/372/pdf?version=1689850873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2167415974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5243396600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7841612594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62177022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8983196404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CFA007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385067971.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1567331124","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2024891449","https://openalex.org/W2089206393","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2160921898","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2507296351","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2658460662","https://openalex.org/W2729018917","https://openalex.org/W2886810500","https://openalex.org/W2887606539","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2980547949","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3177280180","https://openalex.org/W3202626296","https://openalex.org/W3206715694","https://openalex.org/W4205417139","https://openalex.org/W4214627427","https://openalex.org/W4224237248","https://openalex.org/W4225113999","https://openalex.org/W4280583458","https://openalex.org/W4283735128","https://openalex.org/W4284712931","https://openalex.org/W4285732232","https://openalex.org/W4290755875","https://openalex.org/W4298623690","https://openalex.org/W4317436368","https://openalex.org/W4317811054","https://openalex.org/W4321091270","https://openalex.org/W4321365943","https://openalex.org/W4322577294","https://openalex.org/W4380433760","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6762166850","https://openalex.org/W6849269988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W44395729","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W1496225612","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2765338038","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W2947043951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"and":[3,21,56,84,112,147,212,235,256,278,285],"computer":[4],"vision":[5],"technologies":[6,17],"have":[7,77],"gained":[8],"significant":[9,190],"prominence":[10],"in":[11,51,64,193,209,260],"the":[12,19,36,65,78,86,124,134,139,150,153,158,162,168,203,222,228,237,248,257,261,275],"field":[13,223],"of":[14,23,38,67,144,152,170,181,205,224,230,239,250,263,274],"education.":[15],"These":[16,200],"enable":[18],"detection":[20,40,102,140,164,194,233],"analysis":[22],"students\u2019":[24,99,182,214,264],"classroom":[25,100,183,215,265,283],"behaviors,":[26],"providing":[27],"valuable":[28],"insights":[29],"for":[30,142],"assessing":[31],"individual":[32],"concentration":[33],"levels.":[34],"However,":[35],"accuracy":[37,141,195],"target":[39,232],"methods":[41,234],"based":[42],"on":[43,177],"Convolutional":[44],"Neural":[45],"Networks":[46],"(CNNs)":[47],"can":[48,126],"be":[49],"compromised":[50],"classrooms":[52],"with":[53,108],"multiple":[54],"targets":[55,143],"varying":[57],"scales,":[58],"as":[59],"convolutional":[60,91],"operations":[61],"may":[62],"result":[63],"loss":[66,88],"location":[68],"information.":[69],"In":[70,93],"contrast,":[71],"transformers,":[72],"which":[73],"leverage":[74],"attention":[75],"mechanisms,":[76],"capability":[79],"to":[80,197,221,241,281],"learn":[81],"global":[82],"features":[83],"mitigate":[85],"information":[87],"caused":[89],"by":[90,133,226],"operations.":[92],"this":[94,218],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"a":[98,109,120,178,189],"behavior":[101,266],"system":[103,125,246],"that":[104],"combines":[105],"deformable":[106,252],"DETR":[107],"Swin":[110,135,254],"Transformer":[111],"light-weight":[113],"Feature":[114],"Pyramid":[115],"Network":[116],"(FPN).":[117],"By":[118],"employing":[119],"feature":[121,130],"pyramid":[122],"structure,":[123],"effectively":[127],"process":[128],"multi-scale":[129],"maps":[131],"extracted":[132],"Transformer,":[136,255],"thereby":[137],"improving":[138],"different":[145],"sizes":[146],"scales.":[148],"Moreover,":[149],"integration":[151],"CARAFE":[154],"lightweight":[155,258],"operator":[156],"into":[157],"FPN":[159,259],"structure":[160],"enhances":[161],"network\u2019s":[163],"accuracy.":[165,243],"To":[166],"validate":[167],"effectiveness":[169,277],"our":[171,206],"approach,":[172],"extensive":[173],"experiments":[174],"are":[175],"conducted":[176],"real":[179],"dataset":[180],"behavior.":[184],"The":[185,244,268],"experimental":[186,269],"results":[187,270],"demonstrate":[188],"6.1%":[191],"improvement":[192],"compared":[196],"state-of-the-art":[198],"methods.":[199],"findings":[201],"highlight":[202],"superiority":[204],"proposed":[207,245],"network":[208],"accurately":[210],"detecting":[211],"analyzing":[213],"behaviors.":[216],"Overall,":[217],"research":[219],"contributes":[220],"education":[225],"addressing":[227],"limitations":[229],"CNN-based":[231],"leveraging":[236],"capabilities":[238],"transformers":[240],"improve":[242],"showcases":[247],"benefits":[249],"integrating":[251],"DETR,":[253],"context":[262],"detection.":[267],"provide":[271],"compelling":[272],"evidence":[273],"system\u2019s":[276],"its":[279],"potential":[280],"enhance":[282],"monitoring":[284],"assessment":[286],"practices.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
