{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382135713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326","title":"NativeVRF: A Simplified Decentralized Random Number Generator on EVM Blockchains","display_name":"NativeVRF: A Simplified Decentralized Random Number Generator on EVM Blockchains","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382135713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/326/pdf?version=1687771587","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/326/pdf?version=1687771587","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021887041","display_name":"Warodom Werapun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-036X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warodom Werapun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-036X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055049520","display_name":"Tanakorn Karode","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0528-4754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanakorn Karode","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013662206","display_name":"Jakapan Suaboot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-0833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakapan Suaboot","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-0833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078434020","display_name":"Tanwa Arpornthip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-5982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanwa Arpornthip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-5982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048130649","display_name":"Esther Sangiamkul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-679X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131868736","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther Sangiamkul","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-679X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket 83120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013662206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131868736"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91490795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"326","last_page":"326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7637939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6901519298553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.6568648815155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5217127203941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4977758228778839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.48149168491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4699573516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15514856576919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1466267704963684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12536224722862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07447490096092224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7637939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6901519298553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.6568648815155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5217127203941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4977758228778839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.48149168491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4699573516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15514856576919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1466267704963684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12536224722862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07447490096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/326/pdf?version=1687771587","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a30151be39174eee896bef3c30f87ec8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a30151be39174eee896bef3c30f87ec8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 326 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/11/7/326/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 326","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11070326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11070326","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/326/pdf?version=1687771587","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322692","display_name":"Prince of Songkla University","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ycz84"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382135713.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382135713.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027436871","https://openalex.org/W2045091130","https://openalex.org/W2065592011","https://openalex.org/W2087955617","https://openalex.org/W2598801365","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2899381463","https://openalex.org/W2915269496","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W3105260719","https://openalex.org/W3107348029","https://openalex.org/W3154310484","https://openalex.org/W3215526080","https://openalex.org/W4236075731","https://openalex.org/W4281663996","https://openalex.org/W4285175765","https://openalex.org/W4285192971","https://openalex.org/W4367359426","https://openalex.org/W6713248530","https://openalex.org/W6733991164","https://openalex.org/W6838831154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2799059781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,53],"refer":[2],"to":[3,186],"small":[4],"programs":[5],"that":[6,32,131],"run":[7],"in":[8],"a":[9,107,157],"decentralized":[10,59],"blockchain":[11,14,192],"infrastructure.":[12],"The":[13,61],"system":[15],"is":[16,24,176],"trustless,":[17],"and":[18,43,75,86,101,119,147,162,166],"the":[19,58,76,80,90,135,140,172,187,191],"determination":[20],"of":[21,152,190],"common":[22],"variables":[23,36],"done":[25],"by":[26],"consensus":[27],"between":[28],"peers.":[29],"Developing":[30],"applications":[31],"require":[33],"generating":[34],"random":[35,44,47],"becomes":[37],"significantly":[38],"challenging\u2014for":[39],"instance,":[40],"lotteries,":[41],"games,":[42],"assignments.":[45],"Many":[46],"number":[48],"generators":[49],"(RNGs)":[50],"for":[51,57,94],"smart":[52],"have":[54],"been":[55],"developed":[56],"environment.":[60],"methods":[62,82],"can":[63],"be":[64],"classified":[65],"into":[66],"three":[67,91],"categories:":[68],"on-chain":[69],"RNG,":[70],"Verifiable":[71],"Random":[72],"Function":[73],"(VRF),":[74],"Commit\u2013reveal":[77],"scheme.":[78],"Although":[79],"existing":[81],"offer":[83],"different":[84],"strengths":[85],"weaknesses,":[87],"none":[88],"achieves":[89],"important":[92],"requirements":[93],"an":[95],"ideal":[96],"RNG":[97,109,125,143],"solution:":[98],"security,":[99],"applicability,":[100],"cost":[102,120],"efficiency.":[103],"This":[104],"paper":[105],"proposes":[106],"novel":[108],"approach":[110],"called":[111],"Native":[112,132,174],"VRF,":[113],"which":[114],"offers":[115,156],"application":[116],"development":[117],"simplicity":[118],"efficiency":[121],"while":[122],"maintaining":[123],"strong":[124],"security":[126,137],"properties.":[127],"Experimental":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"VRF":[133,175],"has":[134],"same":[136],"properties":[138],"as":[139],"widely":[141],"used":[142],"methods,":[144],"i.e.,":[145],"Randao":[146],"Chainlink":[148],"VRF.":[149],"On":[150],"top":[151],"that,":[153],"our":[154],"work":[155],"much":[158],"simpler":[159],"setup":[160],"process":[161],"lower":[163],"hardware":[164],"resources":[165],"developer":[167],"expertise":[168],"requirements.":[169],"Most":[170],"importantly,":[171],"proposed":[173],"compatible":[177],"with":[178],"all":[179],"Ethereum":[180],"virtual":[181],"machine":[182],"(EVM)":[183],"blockchains,":[184],"contributing":[185],"overall":[188],"growth":[189],"ecosystem.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
