{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382315272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235","title":"A Learning-Based Optimal Decision Scenario for an Inventory Problem under a Price Discount Policy","display_name":"A Learning-Based Optimal Decision Scenario for an Inventory Problem under a Price Discount Policy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382315272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/5/235/pdf?version=1683873449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/5/235/pdf?version=1683873449","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065926993","display_name":"Alaa Fouad Momena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-2568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Fouad Momena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-2568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043818040","display_name":"Mostafijur Rahaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98365261","display_name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytfzr55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98365261"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafijur Rahaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-4095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98365261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014185395","display_name":"Rakibul Haque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-0702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99601430","display_name":"Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal","ror":"https://ror.org/030tcae29","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99601430"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakibul Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, Haringhata 741249, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-0702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, Haringhata 741249, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99601430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067540712","display_name":"Shariful Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98365261","display_name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytfzr55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98365261"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shariful Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-117X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98365261"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041388199","display_name":"Sankar Prasad Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-2598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99601430","display_name":"Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal","ror":"https://ror.org/030tcae29","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99601430"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sankar Prasad Mondal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, Haringhata 741249, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-2598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, Haringhata 741249, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99601430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065926993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.4499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9447822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"235","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12709","display_name":"Optimization and Mathematical Programming","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit-maximization","display_name":"Profit maximization","score":0.755028247833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purchasing","display_name":"Purchasing","score":0.6833769679069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.6129851937294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.45698976516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holding-cost","display_name":"Holding cost","score":0.4553849697113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-cost","display_name":"Unit cost","score":0.4474506378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4296424984931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4269547462463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3904259204864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3637203872203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3605312705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.17040711641311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10029536485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09604302048683167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777780509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377422","display_name":"Profit maximization","level":3,"score":0.755028247833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.6833769679069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6129851937294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.45698976516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192365026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5046829","display_name":"Holding cost","level":2,"score":0.4553849697113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87864170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16897780","display_name":"Unit cost","level":2,"score":0.4474506378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4296424984931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4269547462463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3904259204864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3637203872203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3605312705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.17040711641311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10029536485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09604302048683167}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/5/235/pdf?version=1683873449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5fdb775dc96941c1aced79b49bf765af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5fdb775dc96941c1aced79b49bf765af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 5, p 235 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/11/5/235/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems; Volume 11; Issue 5; Pages: 235","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11050235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/5/235/pdf?version=1683873449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2246833281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2023/R/1444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382315272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382315272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W261483325","https://openalex.org/W1576373160","https://openalex.org/W1965955764","https://openalex.org/W1972156564","https://openalex.org/W1976547802","https://openalex.org/W1985331506","https://openalex.org/W1987542505","https://openalex.org/W1991901402","https://openalex.org/W1999974295","https://openalex.org/W2002808700","https://openalex.org/W2002910108","https://openalex.org/W2015489052","https://openalex.org/W2034124349","https://openalex.org/W2054111328","https://openalex.org/W2065496492","https://openalex.org/W2066537242","https://openalex.org/W2089045771","https://openalex.org/W2170482918","https://openalex.org/W2192853000","https://openalex.org/W2258736412","https://openalex.org/W2294083742","https://openalex.org/W2297500002","https://openalex.org/W2312840966","https://openalex.org/W2317566511","https://openalex.org/W2397815181","https://openalex.org/W2482403065","https://openalex.org/W2586894913","https://openalex.org/W2735186813","https://openalex.org/W2736017423","https://openalex.org/W2787179051","https://openalex.org/W2801426997","https://openalex.org/W2896254576","https://openalex.org/W2903836271","https://openalex.org/W2908987017","https://openalex.org/W2911780193","https://openalex.org/W2921753235","https://openalex.org/W3084192817","https://openalex.org/W3088997860","https://openalex.org/W3164703402","https://openalex.org/W3195636948","https://openalex.org/W3197751262","https://openalex.org/W3201202968","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4220758293","https://openalex.org/W4223897768","https://openalex.org/W4248922685","https://openalex.org/W4281645527","https://openalex.org/W4297903184","https://openalex.org/W4313555042","https://openalex.org/W6647451707","https://openalex.org/W6672536494","https://openalex.org/W6682202645","https://openalex.org/W6685311665","https://openalex.org/W6697156945","https://openalex.org/W6722118429","https://openalex.org/W6744671983","https://openalex.org/W6783113874","https://openalex.org/W6801054471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751558758","https://openalex.org/W2385288202","https://openalex.org/W2798679696","https://openalex.org/W2365061533","https://openalex.org/W2387046015","https://openalex.org/W4239446003","https://openalex.org/W87859928","https://openalex.org/W2349974711","https://openalex.org/W2467574439","https://openalex.org/W2620764680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,125,172],"paper":[1,126,173,273],"aims":[2],"to":[3,78,185,216,229,262,282],"design":[4],"an":[5,154,169],"inventory":[6,155],"model":[7,156],"for":[8,20,198,237],"a":[9,13,21,27,63,119,163,200,211,253,263],"retail":[10,98],"enterprise":[11],"with":[12,143,157],"profit":[14,31,234],"maximization":[15,32],"objective":[16],"using":[17,199],"the":[18,30,34,46,51,58,84,97,105,128,140,148,175,180,186,192,206,218,221,231,238,249,258,289,297,301],"opportunity":[19,299],"price":[22,53,86,94,209,291],"discount":[23,177,302],"facility":[24,303],"given":[25],"by":[26,44,204,285],"supplier.":[28],"In":[29,189],"objective,":[33],"demand":[35,40,159,293],"should":[36],"be":[37,42,75,89,118],"increased.":[38],"The":[39,69],"can":[41],"boosted":[43],"lowering":[45,50],"selling":[47,52,85,93,208,290],"price.":[48,244],"However,":[49],"may":[54,74,87,117],"not":[55,88],"always":[56],"give":[57],"best":[59,259,298],"profit.":[60],"Impreciseness":[61],"plays":[62],"vital":[64],"role":[65],"during":[66],"such":[67],"decision-making.":[68],"decision-making":[70],"and":[71,133,160,162,242,265,292,295],"managerial":[72,144],"activities":[73,280],"imprecise":[76],"due":[77],"some":[79],"decision":[80,99],"variables.":[81],"For":[82],"instance,":[83],"deterministic.":[90],"A":[91],"vague":[92],"will":[95],"make":[96],"imprecise.":[100],"To":[101],"achieve":[102],"this":[103,123,151,190,272],"goal,":[104],"retailer":[106],"must":[107],"minimize":[108],"impreciseness":[109,132,141,219,287],"as":[110,112,210],"much":[111],"possible.":[113],"Learning":[114],"through":[115],"repetition":[116],"practical":[120],"approach":[121],"in":[122,168,220],"regard.":[124],"investigates":[127],"impact":[129],"of":[130,194],"fuzzy":[131,136,202,214,224,255,267],"triangular":[134,212],"dense":[135,201,213,254],"setting,":[137],"which":[138],"dilutes":[139],"involved":[142],"decisions.":[145],"Based":[146],"on":[147],"mentioned":[149],"objectives,":[150],"article":[152],"considers":[153],"price-dependent":[158],"time":[161],"purchasing":[164,240],"cost-dependent":[165],"holding":[166],"cost":[167,183,241],"uncertain":[170],"phenomenon.":[171],"incorporates":[174],"all-units":[176],"policy":[178],"into":[179],"unit":[181,207],"purchase":[182],"according":[184],"order":[187],"quantity.":[188],"paper,":[191],"sense":[193],"learning":[195,276],"is":[196,246],"accounted":[197],"set":[203],"considering":[205],"number":[215],"lessen":[217],"model.":[222],"Four":[223],"optimization":[225],"methods":[226],"are":[227,274],"used":[228],"obtain":[230],"usual":[232],"extreme":[233],"when":[235],"searching":[236],"optimal":[239],"sale":[243],"It":[245],"perceived":[247],"from":[248,271,277,300],"numerical":[250],"outcomes":[251],"that":[252,275],"environment":[256],"contributes":[257,281],"results":[260],"compared":[261],"crisp":[264],"general":[266],"environment.":[268],"Managerial":[269],"insights":[270],"repeated":[278],"dealing":[279],"enhancing":[283],"profitability":[284],"diluting":[286],"about":[288],"rate":[294],"taking":[296],"while":[304],"purchasing.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2023-06-28T00:00:00"}