{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313576678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025","title":"Effectiveness of AR Board Game on Computational Thinking and Programming Skills for Elementary School Students","display_name":"Effectiveness of AR Board Game on Computational Thinking and Programming Skills for Elementary School Students","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313576678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/1/25/pdf?version=1673857879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/1/25/pdf?version=1673857879","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112242217","display_name":"Shih-Yun Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Yun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004022585","display_name":"Wernhuar Tarng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-5566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wernhuar Tarng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018176779","display_name":"Kuo-Liang Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-9751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuo-Liang Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-9751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004022585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.0535,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95263288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.9007265567779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5551245808601379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5340657830238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-programming","display_name":"Game programming","score":0.476915568113327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4485279321670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-developer","display_name":"Game Developer","score":0.36520618200302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.3569769263267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.31744611263275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2783116102218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design-document","display_name":"Game design document","score":0.25276410579681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1954154372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1468745470046997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.9007265567779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5551245808601379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5340657830238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109347269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753830","display_name":"Game programming","level":5,"score":0.476915568113327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4485279321670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41826821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844005","display_name":"Game Developer","level":3,"score":0.36520618200302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.3569769263267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.31744611263275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2783116102218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6907630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3010535","display_name":"Game design document","level":4,"score":0.25276410579681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1954154372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1468745470046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/1/25/pdf?version=1673857879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1db28d90878e4eaab4334ddb9daa01c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1db28d90878e4eaab4334ddb9daa01c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 25 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/11/1/25/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems; Volume 11; Issue 1; Pages: 25","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems11010025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010025","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/1/25/pdf?version=1673857879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46000000834465027},{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313576678.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593163947","https://openalex.org/W1795004830","https://openalex.org/W1978206223","https://openalex.org/W2001517130","https://openalex.org/W2012478232","https://openalex.org/W2040127838","https://openalex.org/W2081811286","https://openalex.org/W2084376835","https://openalex.org/W2092850413","https://openalex.org/W2096036274","https://openalex.org/W2100029531","https://openalex.org/W2109389646","https://openalex.org/W2118595535","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2133122396","https://openalex.org/W2249804507","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2586531189","https://openalex.org/W2740244307","https://openalex.org/W2754972376","https://openalex.org/W2767702763","https://openalex.org/W2767711069","https://openalex.org/W2894213377","https://openalex.org/W2963219337","https://openalex.org/W3005620164","https://openalex.org/W3167741317","https://openalex.org/W4230997289","https://openalex.org/W4235778390","https://openalex.org/W4241770918","https://openalex.org/W4242061782","https://openalex.org/W6635425622","https://openalex.org/W6677501825","https://openalex.org/W6680134743","https://openalex.org/W6745907280","https://openalex.org/W6823793608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491613725","https://openalex.org/W2755355173","https://openalex.org/W4381616580","https://openalex.org/W2885801668","https://openalex.org/W2273586291","https://openalex.org/W2124828248","https://openalex.org/W578591059","https://openalex.org/W2606905253","https://openalex.org/W2885055606","https://openalex.org/W2279897802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"integrated":[2],"the":[3,9,47,64,73,78,100,104,136,141,148,160,167,176,180,184,189,198,202,206,215,223,247],"augmented":[4],"reality":[5],"(AR)":[6],"technology":[7,220],"into":[8],"\u201cCoding":[10],"Ocean\u201d":[11],"board":[12,49,59,106,138,150,225],"game":[13,50,60,107,139,151],"to":[14,37,51,98,231],"provide":[15],"players":[16],"with":[17,27,227],"real-time":[18],"simulation":[19],"of":[20,67,75,81,103,116,163,175,183,197,205,214],"ship":[21],"paths":[22],"and":[23,70,93,111,140],"learning":[24,33,43,101,161,181,229],"scaffolds.":[25],"Combined":[26],"Scratch":[28],"block-based":[29,185],"programming,":[30],"an":[31,121],"interactive":[32],"environment":[34],"is":[35,61,238],"developed":[36],"assist":[38,232],"elementary":[39,122],"school":[40,123],"students":[41,233],"in":[42,234],"coding":[44],"skills":[45,187],"from":[46,120],"unplugged":[48,224],"enhance":[52],"their":[53],"computational":[54,82,109,164,242],"thinking":[55,83,110,165,243],"concepts.":[56],"The":[57,129,155,218],"AR":[58,105,137,219],"focused":[62],"on":[63,108],"programming":[65,112,186],"concepts":[66,80],"sequential,":[68],"and/or":[69],"loop.":[71],"Through":[72],"process":[74],"treasure":[76],"hunting,":[77],"basic":[79],"can":[84,221],"be":[85],"developed,":[86],"i.e.,":[87],"abstraction,":[88],"problem":[89],"decomposition,":[90],"pattern":[91],"recognition":[92],"algorithmic":[94],"thinking.":[95],"In":[96],"order":[97],"investigate":[99],"effectiveness":[102,162],"skills,":[113],"a":[114],"number":[115],"51":[117],"third":[118],"graders":[119],"were":[124],"recruited":[125],"as":[126],"research":[127],"samples.":[128],"experimental":[130,156,168,190,207],"group":[131,143,169,191,208],"(n":[132,144],"=":[133,145],"26)":[134],"used":[135,147],"control":[142,177,199,216],"25)":[146],"traditional":[149],"for":[152,166,188,240],"game-based":[153,235],"learning.":[154],"results":[157],"indicate:":[158],"(1)":[159],"was":[170,192,209],"significantly":[171,193,210],"higher":[172,194],"than":[173,195,212],"that":[174,196,213],"group;":[178,200],"(2)":[179],"achievement":[182],"(3)":[201],"cognitive":[203,248],"load":[204],"lower":[211],"group.":[217],"combine":[222],"games":[226],"plugged":[228],"modules":[230],"learning,":[236],"which":[237],"useful":[239],"enhancing":[241],"abilities":[244],"while":[245],"reducing":[246],"load.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-07T08:38:57.713557","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}