{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309708357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227","title":"Impact of Reliability in Conceptual Design\u2014An Illustrative Trade-Off Analysis","display_name":"Impact of Reliability in Conceptual Design\u2014An Illustrative Trade-Off Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309708357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/227/pdf?version=1669027457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/227/pdf?version=1669027457","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004012960","display_name":"Tevari J. Barker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tevari Barker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049555544","display_name":"Gregory S. Parnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-3940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregory S. Parnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-3940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048016788","display_name":"Edward Pohl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8269-3282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Pohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064753290","display_name":"Eric Specking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-0902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Specking","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-0902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041147559","display_name":"Simon R. Goerger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-5870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87303767","display_name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/027mhn368","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon R. Goerger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Systems Engineering Research, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems Engineering Research, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054987418","display_name":"Randy Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-5516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87303767","display_name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/027mhn368","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy K. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Systems Engineering Research, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-5516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems Engineering Research, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049555544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.9025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76166805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"227","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.8425378799438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.732071578502655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5926576256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-design","display_name":"Conceptual design","score":0.5602169036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.436346173286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-theory","display_name":"Reliability theory","score":0.431481271982193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.37326186895370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23929554224014282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.8425378799438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.732071578502655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5926576256752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.5602169036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.436346173286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201729545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability theory","level":3,"score":0.431481271982193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.37326186895370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23929554224014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/227/pdf?version=1669027457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05281ffe2d8f41f492fd67b1dd0daef7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05281ffe2d8f41f492fd67b1dd0daef7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 227 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/10/6/227/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems; Volume 10; Issue 6; Pages: 227","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060227","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/227/pdf?version=1669027457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309708357.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W808257670","https://openalex.org/W1014147570","https://openalex.org/W1581323676","https://openalex.org/W1966041570","https://openalex.org/W1967005800","https://openalex.org/W1975386041","https://openalex.org/W1980138052","https://openalex.org/W1980859635","https://openalex.org/W1984447112","https://openalex.org/W1985439403","https://openalex.org/W1986274756","https://openalex.org/W1990248332","https://openalex.org/W2002313340","https://openalex.org/W2002974400","https://openalex.org/W2019227129","https://openalex.org/W2024626154","https://openalex.org/W2026867102","https://openalex.org/W2044970816","https://openalex.org/W2058706870","https://openalex.org/W2067289863","https://openalex.org/W2079615060","https://openalex.org/W2089758557","https://openalex.org/W2094024136","https://openalex.org/W2095380848","https://openalex.org/W2098603066","https://openalex.org/W2131103111","https://openalex.org/W2139738355","https://openalex.org/W2140323359","https://openalex.org/W2146499264","https://openalex.org/W2160517162","https://openalex.org/W2162768068","https://openalex.org/W2171663434","https://openalex.org/W2328952941","https://openalex.org/W2503350430","https://openalex.org/W2514877733","https://openalex.org/W2559909185","https://openalex.org/W2587574862","https://openalex.org/W2612264387","https://openalex.org/W2732495577","https://openalex.org/W2742091295","https://openalex.org/W2792938677","https://openalex.org/W2886366658","https://openalex.org/W2898180010","https://openalex.org/W2913758949","https://openalex.org/W2921611590","https://openalex.org/W2941566053","https://openalex.org/W2972057183","https://openalex.org/W3011032857","https://openalex.org/W3036473664","https://openalex.org/W3081584772","https://openalex.org/W3118235895","https://openalex.org/W4295358215","https://openalex.org/W4309708357","https://openalex.org/W6725601727","https://openalex.org/W6742290966","https://openalex.org/W6761545066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012531322","https://openalex.org/W4206795820","https://openalex.org/W4300939757","https://openalex.org/W1979470315","https://openalex.org/W3172782696","https://openalex.org/W2962655934","https://openalex.org/W2067279514","https://openalex.org/W3144902966","https://openalex.org/W2998361934","https://openalex.org/W2974426217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"System":[0],"reliability":[1,19,23,49,61,74,78],"is":[2],"treated":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,18],"parameter":[6],"and":[7,37,53,71],"not":[8],"modeled":[9],"in":[10,24,62,84],"the":[11,48,58,97],"early":[12,25,63,73,85],"concept":[13,26,64,100],"design":[14,27],"stages.":[15],"We":[16,46],"illustrate":[17],"model":[20,50],"for":[21],"system":[22,86,91],"using":[28,41],"knowledge":[29],"from":[30],"similar":[31],"systems,":[32],"technology":[33],"readiness":[34],"levels":[35],"(TRL),":[36],"functional":[38],"analysis":[39],"methods":[40],"an":[42],"unmanned":[43],"ground":[44],"vehicle.":[45],"integrate":[47],"with":[51,70],"performance":[52],"cost":[54],"models":[55],"to":[56,93],"demonstrate":[57],"impact":[59],"of":[60],"design.":[65,87],"The":[66],"resultant":[67],"tradespace":[68],"comparison":[69],"without":[72],"assessment":[75],"illustrates":[76],"that":[77],"modeling":[79],"can":[80],"identify":[81],"infeasible":[82],"solutions":[83],"This":[88],"will":[89],"allow":[90],"designers":[92],"focus":[94],"development":[95],"on":[96],"most":[98],"promising":[99],"designs.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2022-11-29T00:00:00"}
