{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308866117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214","title":"Developing a Stochastic Two-Tier Architecture for Modelling Last-Mile Delivery and Implementing in Discrete-Event Simulation","display_name":"Developing a Stochastic Two-Tier Architecture for Modelling Last-Mile Delivery and Implementing in Discrete-Event Simulation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308866117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/214/pdf?version=1668071274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/214/pdf?version=1668071274","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056551461","display_name":"Zichong Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-8129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zichong Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-8129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005011790","display_name":"Dirk Pons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7141-0291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Pons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7141-0291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002898204","display_name":"Jiasen Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiasen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694323","display_name":"Yilei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005011790","https://openalex.org/A5056551461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.4318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60016438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"214","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6524213552474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5598064064979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.5179040431976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4953721761703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.493158757686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-event-simulation","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","score":0.4906691312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4417898952960968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.42499011754989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-mile","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","score":0.42394518852233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.29627594351768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2193499207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1414761245250702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6524213552474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5598064064979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.5179040431976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4953721761703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.493158757686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147203929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574814","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","level":2,"score":0.4906691312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4417898952960968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.42499011754989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45440154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6494801","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","level":3,"score":0.42394518852233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.29627594351768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2193499207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1414761245250702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/214/pdf?version=1668071274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fcfeb700dff94e70881d8f6860faac39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fcfeb700dff94e70881d8f6860faac39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 214 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.canterbury.ac.nz:10092/107830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10092/107830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401103","display_name":"University of Canterbury Research Repository (University of Canterbury)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","host_organization_name":"University of Canterbury","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/10/6/214/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems10060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10060214","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/10/6/214/pdf?version=1668071274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308866117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308866117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105166764","https://openalex.org/W1159302035","https://openalex.org/W1981692497","https://openalex.org/W1994231679","https://openalex.org/W2010434887","https://openalex.org/W2034796361","https://openalex.org/W2054375292","https://openalex.org/W2075523605","https://openalex.org/W2091937574","https://openalex.org/W2093417436","https://openalex.org/W2104269116","https://openalex.org/W2111563176","https://openalex.org/W2127250502","https://openalex.org/W2138511024","https://openalex.org/W2155430615","https://openalex.org/W2163595279","https://openalex.org/W2177045029","https://openalex.org/W2190112857","https://openalex.org/W2422474002","https://openalex.org/W2465490635","https://openalex.org/W2500858074","https://openalex.org/W2544711428","https://openalex.org/W2547671150","https://openalex.org/W2604526922","https://openalex.org/W2605635222","https://openalex.org/W2752162709","https://openalex.org/W2791121259","https://openalex.org/W2802833022","https://openalex.org/W2900419786","https://openalex.org/W2902991001","https://openalex.org/W2905284861","https://openalex.org/W2912548412","https://openalex.org/W2923798910","https://openalex.org/W2936724864","https://openalex.org/W2947021575","https://openalex.org/W2957275564","https://openalex.org/W2963473177","https://openalex.org/W2980438245","https://openalex.org/W2982335387","https://openalex.org/W2986900540","https://openalex.org/W2987858614","https://openalex.org/W2990890924","https://openalex.org/W3007965316","https://openalex.org/W3015050456","https://openalex.org/W3015120250","https://openalex.org/W3020914624","https://openalex.org/W3025737531","https://openalex.org/W3035919749","https://openalex.org/W3046613044","https://openalex.org/W3082977820","https://openalex.org/W3088533440","https://openalex.org/W3096364569","https://openalex.org/W3096856228","https://openalex.org/W3099628789","https://openalex.org/W3120376131","https://openalex.org/W3120555967","https://openalex.org/W3128828969","https://openalex.org/W3160294688","https://openalex.org/W3173554082","https://openalex.org/W3189826316","https://openalex.org/W3196294623","https://openalex.org/W3202608786","https://openalex.org/W3207283377","https://openalex.org/W4200067513","https://openalex.org/W4200494434","https://openalex.org/W4223944632","https://openalex.org/W4231414157","https://openalex.org/W4232300367","https://openalex.org/W4280603442","https://openalex.org/W4281699665","https://openalex.org/W4289333279","https://openalex.org/W4290725677","https://openalex.org/W6667068246","https://openalex.org/W6673467235","https://openalex.org/W6687275319","https://openalex.org/W6769913937","https://openalex.org/W6841489412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4224920455","https://openalex.org/W2974961843","https://openalex.org/W4387715617","https://openalex.org/W2736109931","https://openalex.org/W2525242198","https://openalex.org/W2075280196","https://openalex.org/W4387147337","https://openalex.org/W2263936574","https://openalex.org/W2997910527","https://openalex.org/W3043199642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modelling":[0],"freight":[1,22,73],"logistics":[2,23,146],"is":[3,16,115,134],"challenging":[4],"due":[5],"to":[6,41,46,71,107,118],"the":[7,29,55,58,79,108,132,135],"variable":[8,150],"consignments":[9],"and":[10,24,35,53,65,95,140],"diverse":[11],"customers.":[12],"Discrete-event":[13],"Simulation":[14],"(DES)":[15],"an":[17],"approach":[18],"that":[19],"can":[20],"model":[21,70,80,104,122,147],"incorporate":[25],"stochastic":[26,112],"events.":[27],"However,":[28],"flexible":[30],"delivery":[31,49],"routes":[32],"of":[33,57,78,131,137],"Pickup":[34],"Delivery":[36],"(PUD)":[37],"are":[38],"still":[39],"problematic":[40],"simulate.":[42],"This":[43,102],"research":[44],"aims":[45],"develop":[47],"last-mile":[48,151],"architecture":[50,62,110],"in":[51],"DES":[52,69,119],"evaluate":[54],"credibility":[56],"model.":[59],"A":[60],"two-tier":[61,109],"was":[63,81,105,123],"proposed":[64],"integrated":[66],"with":[67,111,125],"a":[68,138,145],"simulate":[72],"operations.":[74],"The":[75,121,129],"geographic":[76],"foundation":[77],"determined":[82],"using":[83],"Geographic":[84],"Information":[85],"Systems":[86],"(GIS),":[87],"including":[88],"identifying":[89],"customer":[90],"locations,":[91],"finding":[92],"cluster":[93],"centres,":[94],"implementing":[96],"Travelling":[97],"Salesman":[98],"Problem":[99],"(TSP)":[100],"simulation.":[101],"complex":[103],"simplified":[106],"distances,":[113],"which":[114],"more":[116],"amenable":[117],"models.":[120],"validated":[124],"truck":[126],"GPS":[127],"data.":[128],"originality":[130],"work":[133],"development":[136],"novel":[139],"simple":[141],"methodology":[142],"for":[143,148],"developing":[144],"highly":[149],"delivery.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
