{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2741896166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","title":"Recognition of Traffic Sign Based on Bag-of-Words and Artificial Neural Network","display_name":"Recognition of Traffic Sign Based on Bag-of-Words and Artificial Neural Network","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2741896166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","mag":"2741896166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym9080138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/9/8/138/pdf?version=1501586764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/9/8/138/pdf?version=1501586764","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055473324","display_name":"Kh Tohidul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-7041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kh Tohidul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-7041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040454046","display_name":"Ram Gopal Raj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-1113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ram Gopal Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-1113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101607096","display_name":"Ghulam Mujtaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2107-3738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["MY","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Mujtaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur 56200, Pakistan","Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur 56200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040454046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":4.0149,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94280025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"138","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13674","display_name":"Computer Science and Engineering","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7443587779998779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.7085133790969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.6794047355651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6633226871490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.60211181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.481412410736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42597246170043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4128299653530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.37217825651168823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7443587779998779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.7085133790969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.6794047355651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6633226871490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.60211181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.481412410736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42597246170043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4128299653530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37217825651168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym9080138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/9/8/138/pdf?version=1501586764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44626a1e100c422fa8283db52cec42e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44626a1e100c422fa8283db52cec42e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 9, Iss 8, p 138 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/9/8/138/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym9080138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/9/8/138/pdf?version=1501586764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2741896166.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116480831","https://openalex.org/W803108943","https://openalex.org/W1565023696","https://openalex.org/W1611144118","https://openalex.org/W1647315763","https://openalex.org/W1790909941","https://openalex.org/W1973965874","https://openalex.org/W1977610018","https://openalex.org/W1982484677","https://openalex.org/W1987415016","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2013139595","https://openalex.org/W2013987635","https://openalex.org/W2017100743","https://openalex.org/W2025879239","https://openalex.org/W2036788783","https://openalex.org/W2040808478","https://openalex.org/W2047566913","https://openalex.org/W2049321878","https://openalex.org/W2052533453","https://openalex.org/W2054129196","https://openalex.org/W2058433010","https://openalex.org/W2064727281","https://openalex.org/W2067713319","https://openalex.org/W2078832564","https://openalex.org/W2081644865","https://openalex.org/W2084663230","https://openalex.org/W2086575059","https://openalex.org/W2090111450","https://openalex.org/W2093429213","https://openalex.org/W2106525823","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2111502429","https://openalex.org/W2118155754","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2133659333","https://openalex.org/W2138702260","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2150581781","https://openalex.org/W2151275436","https://openalex.org/W2155258183","https://openalex.org/W2164230999","https://openalex.org/W2164337623","https://openalex.org/W2174983451","https://openalex.org/W2261997716","https://openalex.org/W2276973678","https://openalex.org/W2279825310","https://openalex.org/W2280321044","https://openalex.org/W2294502724","https://openalex.org/W2300264992","https://openalex.org/W2516910106","https://openalex.org/W2529543620","https://openalex.org/W2532202987","https://openalex.org/W2542352283","https://openalex.org/W2546575995","https://openalex.org/W2583212553","https://openalex.org/W2587516060","https://openalex.org/W2590533492","https://openalex.org/W2605579118","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W4239448463","https://openalex.org/W6666990960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W2772251146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,124,139,154],"traffic":[1,25,31,38,60,76,104,118,148,156],"sign":[2,39,61,119,157],"recognition":[3,40,160],"system":[4,8,41,126,161],"is":[5],"a":[6,91,167],"support":[7,43],"that":[9],"can":[10,42],"be":[11,22],"useful":[12],"to":[13,18,68,115,132],"give":[14],"notification":[15],"and":[16,46,51,57,74,81,130,159,175,185],"warning":[17],"drivers.":[19],"It":[20,53],"may":[21,182],"effective":[23],"for":[24],"conditions":[26],"on":[27,94],"the":[28,44,70,79,82,95,102,117,134,188],"current":[29],"road":[30,103],"system.":[32,190],"A":[33,106],"robust":[34,107],"artificial":[35],"intelligence":[36],"based":[37],"driver":[45],"significantly":[47],"reduce":[48],"driving":[49],"risk":[50],"injury.":[52],"performs":[54],"by":[55],"recognizing":[56],"interpreting":[58],"various":[59],"using":[62,78],"vision-based":[63],"information.":[64],"This":[65,87],"study":[66],"aims":[67],"recognize":[69,116],"well-maintained,":[71],"un-maintained,":[72],"standard,":[73],"non-standard":[75],"signs":[77,149],"Bag-of-Words":[80,92],"Artificial":[83,109],"Neural":[84,110],"Network":[85,111],"techniques.":[86],"research":[88],"work":[89],"employs":[90],"model":[93],"Speeded":[96],"Up":[97],"Robust":[98],"Features":[99],"descriptors":[100],"of":[101,145,147,187],"signs.":[105],"classifier":[108],"has":[112,127],"been":[113,128],"employed":[114],"in":[120],"its":[121],"respective":[122],"class.":[123],"proposed":[125,155,189],"trained":[129],"tested":[131],"determine":[133],"suitable":[135],"neural":[136],"network":[137],"architecture.":[138],"experimental":[140],"results":[141],"showed":[142],"high":[143],"accuracy":[144,165],"classification":[146,164],"including":[150],"complex":[151],"background":[152],"images.":[153],"detection":[158],"obtained":[162],"99.00%":[163],"with":[166],"1.00%":[168],"false":[169,179],"positive":[170,180],"rate.":[171],"For":[172],"real-time":[173],"implementation":[174],"deployment,":[176],"this":[177],"marginal":[178],"rate":[181],"increase":[183],"reliability":[184],"stability":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}