{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416067752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111912","title":"Hierarchical Allocation of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Devices for Oscillation Stability Enhancement in Renewable Energy Plants","display_name":"Hierarchical Allocation of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Devices for Oscillation Stability Enhancement in Renewable Energy Plants","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416067752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1912/pdf?version=1762585224","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1912/pdf?version=1762585224","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101684027","display_name":"Junchao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-8674"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785479","display_name":"Jianing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-1829"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023031181","display_name":"Zhiming Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-4181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhimin Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100663353","display_name":"Hua Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-8437"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038332603","display_name":"Qianhao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianhao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-570X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038332603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30483112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"1912","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.7019000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6171000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.42590001225471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.7019000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6171000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4311470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159719","display_name":"Power station","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1912/pdf?version=1762585224","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/11/1912/pdf?version=1762585224","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1527737475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52307210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331088","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7481652704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52307210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331088","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Shanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335581","display_name":"Young Scientists Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416067752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416067752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979599363","https://openalex.org/W2990665756","https://openalex.org/W2995207941","https://openalex.org/W3088456303","https://openalex.org/W3123211308","https://openalex.org/W3160068228","https://openalex.org/W3186035107","https://openalex.org/W3217762463","https://openalex.org/W4225693124","https://openalex.org/W4312540099","https://openalex.org/W4312741172","https://openalex.org/W4379471520","https://openalex.org/W4396784019","https://openalex.org/W4399983748","https://openalex.org/W4405304042"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86,108],"oscillation":[1,80,133,167,203,270],"stability":[2,81,134,168,204,245],"of":[3,18,38,45,72,93,117,132,235,246],"renewable":[4,39,83,120],"energy":[5,40,84],"plants":[6,41],"under":[7,135,183],"varying":[8],"grid":[9,47],"strengths":[10],"can":[11,169,243,266],"be":[12,171],"improved":[13],"through":[14],"the":[15,31,36,43,46,70,89,114,124,130,147,152,155,161,189,223,236,240,247,263,269],"optimized":[16,195],"allocation":[17,71,197],"grid-following":[19],"(GFL)":[20],"and":[21,42,57,74,95,105,127,191,213],"grid-forming":[22],"(GFM)":[23],"power":[24],"converter":[25],"devices.":[26],"However,":[27],"in":[28,34,51,82,119,239],"practical":[29,214],"operation,":[30],"wide":[32,115,207],"variations":[33],"both":[35],"output":[37],"strength":[44],"present":[48],"significant":[49],"challenges":[50],"simultaneously":[52],"ensuring":[53],"stability,":[54],"economic":[55],"efficiency,":[56],"robustness.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"this,":[61],"this":[62],"paper":[63],"proposes":[64],"a":[65,142,206],"two-level":[66],"optimization":[67,110,157],"method":[68,87],"for":[69,113],"GFL":[73,94,264],"GFM":[75,96,148,180,241],"devices,":[76],"aiming":[77],"to":[78,103,221,262],"enhance":[79],"plants.":[85],"considers":[88],"complementary":[90,99],"dynamic":[91,100],"behaviors":[92,101],"strategies,":[97],"whose":[98],"contribute":[102],"balanced":[104],"stable":[106],"operation.":[107],"upper-level":[109,153],"model":[111,158],"accounts":[112],"range":[116,209],"variability":[118],"plant":[121,249],"outputs,":[122],"with":[123],"primary":[125],"objective":[126],"constraint":[128],"being":[129],"assurance":[131],"low":[136],"short-circuit":[137],"ratio":[138],"(SCR)":[139],"conditions":[140],"at":[141],"minimal":[143],"cost.":[144],"Based":[145],"on":[146],"configuration":[149],"determined":[150],"by":[151],"model,":[154],"lower-level":[156,192],"further":[159],"evaluates":[160],"upper":[162],"SCR":[163,208,230,256],"limit":[164],"within":[165],"which":[166,201],"still":[170],"maintained.":[172],"This":[173],"prevents":[174],"instability":[175],"that":[176,228],"may":[177],"arise":[178],"from":[179],"devices":[181],"operating":[182,252],"high-SCR":[184],"conditions.":[185],"By":[186],"iteratively":[187],"solving":[188],"upper-":[190],"models,":[193],"an":[194],"GFL-GFM":[196],"strategy":[198,242,265],"is":[199,226],"obtained,":[200],"ensures":[202],"across":[205,250],"while":[210,254],"balancing":[211],"cost-effectiveness":[212],"operability.":[215],"Case":[216],"studies":[217],"are":[218],"also":[219],"conducted":[220],"validate":[222],"method.":[224],"It":[225],"indicated":[227],"when":[229,255],"=":[231],"1.5,":[232],"configuring":[233],"15%":[234],"wind":[237,248],"generators":[238,261],"ensure":[244],"typical":[251],"scenarios,":[253],">":[257],"3,":[258],"switching":[259],"these":[260],"likewise":[267],"avoid":[268],"issues.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}