{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415066351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101700","title":"DRL-Based Adaptive Time Threshold Client Selection FL","display_name":"DRL-Based Adaptive Time Threshold Client Selection FL","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415066351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1700/pdf?version=1760088935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1700/pdf?version=1760088935","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119949579","display_name":"Sreyleak Sam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreyleak Sam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119949580","display_name":"Taikuong Iv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taikuong Iv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119949581","display_name":"Rothny Mom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rothny Mom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3542-0548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103242976","display_name":"Seungwoo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4832-3995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungwoo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4832-3995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103079118","display_name":"Inseok Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9325-8518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inseok Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9325-8518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087494644","display_name":"Seyha Ros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5587-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyha Ros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119949582","display_name":"Sovanndoeur Riel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sovanndoeur Riel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039628538","display_name":"Seokhoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seokhoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039628538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.3733,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84414588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"1700","last_page":"1700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.767300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-time","display_name":"Response time","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.3984000086784363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8495000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.767300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1700/pdf?version=1760088935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1700/pdf?version=1760088935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1166369701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00167197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2825751572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5199990914048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3927825275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00167197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","funder_display_name":"Soonchunhyang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6093110026","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5199990914048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6518379609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5199990914048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","funder_display_name":"Soonchunhyang University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415066351.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415066351.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2625576481","https://openalex.org/W2798720628","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3038426846","https://openalex.org/W3102449016","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3105122387","https://openalex.org/W3120454115","https://openalex.org/W3134070916","https://openalex.org/W3184328775","https://openalex.org/W3187356235","https://openalex.org/W3208046223","https://openalex.org/W3212946609","https://openalex.org/W3213321731","https://openalex.org/W4205597275","https://openalex.org/W4206358577","https://openalex.org/W4385338532","https://openalex.org/W4386159236","https://openalex.org/W4387105517","https://openalex.org/W4387870555","https://openalex.org/W4388141435","https://openalex.org/W4390097772","https://openalex.org/W4391496431","https://openalex.org/W4400880699","https://openalex.org/W4401753392","https://openalex.org/W4403827273","https://openalex.org/W4408145113","https://openalex.org/W4408892806"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"proposed":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,21,123],"new":[8],"machine":[9],"learning":[10],"paradigm":[11],"to":[12,45,66,102,205],"ensure":[13],"data":[14,32,89],"privacy":[15],"by":[16,28],"training":[17,107,133,141,162,180],"the":[18,53,68,86,98,103,118,120,135,140,147,152,158],"model":[19,96],"in":[20,72,105,139,189],"decentralized":[22],"manner.":[23],"However,":[24],"FL":[25,54],"is":[26],"challenged":[27],"device":[29,84],"heterogeneity,":[30],"asymmetric":[31],"contribution,":[33],"and":[34,41,79,85,149,164,173,196,201,207],"imbalanced":[35],"datasets,":[36],"which":[37],"complicate":[38],"system":[39],"control":[40],"hinder":[42],"performance":[43,111,194],"due":[44],"long":[46],"waiting":[47],"times":[48],"for":[49,137,177],"aggregation.":[50],"To":[51],"tackle":[52],"challenges,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"Adaptive":[58],"Time":[59],"Threshold":[60],"Client":[61],"Selection":[62],"using":[63],"DRL":[64],"(ATCS-FL)":[65],"adjust":[67],"time":[69,108],"threshold":[70],"(\u03b1)":[71],"each":[73,83],"communication":[74,167],"round":[75],"based":[76],"on":[77,117],"computing":[78],"resource":[80],"capacity":[81],"of":[82,88,125,154,160,199],"volume":[87],"updates.":[90],"The":[91],"Double":[92],"Deep":[93],"Q-Network":[94],"(DDQN)":[95],"determines":[97],"appropriate":[99],"\u03b1,":[100,119],"according":[101],"variations":[104],"local":[106],"that":[109,130],"achieves":[110],"improvement":[112,195],"alongside":[113],"latency":[114,197],"reduction.":[115],"Based":[116],"server":[121],"selects":[122,151],"subset":[124],"clients":[126],"with":[127,181],"adequate":[128],"resources":[129],"can":[131],"finish":[132],"within":[134],"\u03b1":[136,148],"participating":[138],"process.":[142],"Our":[143,169],"approach":[144],"dynamically":[145],"adjusts":[146],"adaptively":[150],"number":[153],"clients,":[155],"effectively":[156],"mitigates":[157],"impact":[159],"heterogeneous":[161],"speeds":[163],"significantly":[165],"enhances":[166],"efficiency.":[168],"experiment":[170],"utilizes":[171],"CIFAR-10":[172],"MNIST":[174],"benchmarked":[175],"datasets":[176],"image":[178],"classification":[179],"convolutional":[182],"neural":[183],"networks":[184],"across":[185],"non-IID":[186],"distributed":[187],"levels":[188],"FL.":[190],"Specifically,":[191],"ATCS-FL":[192],"demonstrates":[193],"reduction":[198],"77%":[200],"75%,":[202],"respectively,":[203],"compared":[204],"FedProx":[206],"FLASH-RL.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}