{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414748648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101635","title":"From Symmetry to Semantics: Improving Heritage Point Cloud Classification with a Geometry-Aware, Uniclass-Informed Taxonomy for Random Forest Implementation in Automated HBIM Modelling","display_name":"From Symmetry to Semantics: Improving Heritage Point Cloud Classification with a Geometry-Aware, Uniclass-Informed Taxonomy for Random Forest Implementation in Automated HBIM Modelling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414748648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1635/pdf?version=1759396069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1635/pdf?version=1759396069","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869897","display_name":"Aleksander Gil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6224-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksander Gil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090610341","display_name":"Yusuf Aray\u0131c\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5705-2272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Arayici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5705-2272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090610341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.1401,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81489244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"1635","last_page":"1635"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bespoke","display_name":"Bespoke","score":0.9772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7851999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7164000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classification-scheme","display_name":"Classification scheme","score":0.43050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44210515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16968978","display_name":"Bespoke","level":2,"score":0.9772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7851999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7164000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7002000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85753676","display_name":"Classification scheme","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48702757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Biological classification","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984074130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73539779","display_name":"R package","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66862320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842017","display_name":"Building information modeling","level":3,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1635/pdf?version=1759396069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1635/pdf?version=1759396069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414748648.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414748648.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770292730","https://openalex.org/W2805808823","https://openalex.org/W2888438132","https://openalex.org/W2970971423","https://openalex.org/W3014356722","https://openalex.org/W3048523968","https://openalex.org/W3049134058","https://openalex.org/W3126909426","https://openalex.org/W3195380476","https://openalex.org/W4200320586","https://openalex.org/W4280573743","https://openalex.org/W4311785942","https://openalex.org/W4312453881","https://openalex.org/W4396913382","https://openalex.org/W4399242219","https://openalex.org/W4405848192","https://openalex.org/W4409736230"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heritage":[0],"Building":[1],"Information":[2],"Modelling":[3],"(HBIM)":[4],"requires":[5],"the":[6,39,82,117,122,135,155,161],"accurate":[7],"classification":[8,22,64,95,119,138],"of":[9,60,111,163],"diverse":[10],"building":[11,46,137],"elements":[12,51],"from":[13],"3D":[14],"point":[15,76],"clouds.":[16],"This":[17,130],"study":[18],"presents":[19],"a":[20,25,30,45,91],"novel":[21],"approach":[23],"integrating":[24,170],"bespoke":[26,63,118],"Uniclass-derived":[27],"taxonomy":[28],"with":[29,116],"hierarchical":[31],"Random":[32],"Forest":[33],"model.":[34],"It":[35],"was":[36,65],"applied":[37],"to":[38,148,177],"17th-century":[40],"Queen\u2019s":[41],"House":[42],"in":[43,48,94,127,154],"Greenwich,":[44],"rich":[47],"classical":[49],"architectural":[50],"whose":[52],"geometric":[53],"properties":[54],"are":[55],"often":[56],"defined":[57],"by":[58,109],"principles":[59],"symmetry.":[61],"The":[62,103,158],"implemented":[66],"across":[67],"three":[68],"levels":[69],"(50":[70],"mm,":[71,73],"20":[72],"5":[74],"mm":[75],"cloud":[77],"resolutions)":[78],"and":[79,97,124,166,173],"evaluated":[80],"against":[81],"prior":[83],"experiment":[84],"that":[85,133],"used":[86],"Uniclass":[87,136],"classification.":[88],"Results":[89],"showed":[90],"substantial":[92],"improvement":[93],"precision":[96],"overall":[98],"accuracy":[99,107],"at":[100],"all":[101],"levels.":[102,129],"Level":[104],"1":[105],"classifier\u2019s":[106],"increased":[108],"15%":[110],"points":[112],"(relative":[113],"~50%":[114],"improvement)":[115],"taxonomy,":[120],"reducing":[121],"misclassifications":[123],"error":[125],"propagation":[126],"subsequent":[128],"research":[131],"demonstrates":[132],"tailoring":[134],"for":[139,169],"heritage-specific":[140],"geometry":[141],"significantly":[142],"enhances":[143],"machine":[144],"learning":[145,175],"performance,":[146],"which,":[147],"date,":[149],"has":[150],"not":[151],"been":[152],"published":[153],"academic":[156],"domain.":[157],"findings":[159],"underscore":[160],"importance":[162],"adaptive":[164],"taxonomies":[165],"suggest":[167],"pathways":[168],"multi-scale":[171],"features":[172],"advanced":[174],"methods":[176],"support":[178],"automated":[179],"HBIM":[180],"workflows.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
