{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414611764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101609","title":"Crowd-Shipping: Optimized Mixed Fleet Routing for Cold Chain Distribution","display_name":"Crowd-Shipping: Optimized Mixed Fleet Routing for Cold Chain Distribution","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414611764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101609","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1609/pdf?version=1759044027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1609/pdf?version=1759044027","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070594596","display_name":"Fuqiang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-0272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-0272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070593271","display_name":"Yue Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5027-7938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080687249","display_name":"Zhiyuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9766-8749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064132494","display_name":"Hualing Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-8842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hualing Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-8842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117226638","display_name":"Shamim Mahreen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamim Mahreen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7207-3166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064132494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.6028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72876271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"1609","last_page":"1609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-chain","display_name":"Cold chain","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-quality","display_name":"Service quality","score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.33230000734329224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780114722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592197","display_name":"Cold chain","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191511416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999278","display_name":"Customer satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988529969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142478","display_name":"Cold storage","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776435737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915703","display_name":"Variable neighborhood search","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62066863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283196","display_name":"Distribution management system","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778964270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7097774","display_name":"Operational efficiency","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101609","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1609/pdf?version=1759044027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17101609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101609","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/10/1609/pdf?version=1759044027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3528282612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1712802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414611764.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414611764.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967536980","https://openalex.org/W2010334716","https://openalex.org/W2028315614","https://openalex.org/W2056375546","https://openalex.org/W2081363577","https://openalex.org/W2093017852","https://openalex.org/W2094764575","https://openalex.org/W2096305430","https://openalex.org/W2105002757","https://openalex.org/W2154035658","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2325312983","https://openalex.org/W2331159541","https://openalex.org/W2605396865","https://openalex.org/W2609621797","https://openalex.org/W2760903378","https://openalex.org/W2766978649","https://openalex.org/W2883994353","https://openalex.org/W2941075535","https://openalex.org/W2946013438","https://openalex.org/W2948762433","https://openalex.org/W2970333352","https://openalex.org/W2973905812","https://openalex.org/W2979300297","https://openalex.org/W3016146042","https://openalex.org/W3043412676","https://openalex.org/W3043516361","https://openalex.org/W3048358716","https://openalex.org/W3082417965","https://openalex.org/W3086753524","https://openalex.org/W3134721484","https://openalex.org/W3139774777","https://openalex.org/W3145991433","https://openalex.org/W3156304874","https://openalex.org/W3157598877","https://openalex.org/W3177552305","https://openalex.org/W3198857470","https://openalex.org/W3209056506","https://openalex.org/W4210826072","https://openalex.org/W4210852580","https://openalex.org/W4247015288","https://openalex.org/W4386609857","https://openalex.org/W4391506765","https://openalex.org/W4391897173","https://openalex.org/W4405433930","https://openalex.org/W4409498717","https://openalex.org/W4409619161","https://openalex.org/W4412161618"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"fresh":[1],"produce":[2],"cold":[3,22,68],"chain":[4,23,69],"last-mile":[5],"delivery,":[6,70],"the":[7,18,48,58,92,135,149,170,181,199,217,235,238,243],"highly":[8],"dispersed":[9],"customer":[10,197],"base":[11],"leads":[12],"to":[13,216],"exorbitant":[14],"delivery":[15,59,97,102,201,208,221,240],"costs,":[16],"posing":[17],"greatest":[19],"challenge":[20],"for":[21,85],"enterprises.":[24],"Achieving":[25],"a":[26,37,112,192,224],"symmetrical":[27,113,226],"balance":[28],"between":[29,115],"cost-efficiency,":[30],"environmental":[31],"sustainability,":[32],"and":[33,56,63,75,87,105,119,139,184,242],"service":[34],"quality":[35],"is":[36,109,146,165,178],"fundamental":[38],"pursuit":[39],"in":[40],"logistics":[41,50],"system":[42],"optimization.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"proposes":[46],"integrating":[47],"crowd-shipping":[49,93,108],"model\u2014characterized":[51],"by":[52,210],"internet":[53],"platform":[54],"sharing":[55],"flexibility\u2014into":[57],"service.":[60],"It":[61],"incorporates":[62],"extends":[64],"features":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"mixed":[71],"fleets":[72],"using":[73],"gasoline":[74],"diesel":[76],"vehicles":[77,80],"(GDVs),":[78],"electric":[79],"(EVs),":[81],"partial":[82],"charging":[83],"strategies":[84],"EVs,":[86],"time-of-use":[88],"electricity":[89],"pricing":[90],"into":[91],"model.":[94],"A":[95,142],"joint":[96,200,239],"mode":[98,202],"combining":[99],"traditional":[100,218],"professional":[101,219],"(using":[103],"GDVs":[104],"EVs)":[106],"with":[107,126,134,148,203],"proposed,":[110],"creating":[111],"collaboration":[114],"centralized":[116],"fleet":[117],"management":[118],"distributed":[120],"social":[121],"resources.":[122,230],"The":[123,231],"challenges":[124],"associated":[125],"utilizing":[127],"occasional":[128],"drivers":[129],"(ODs)":[130],"are":[131,189],"analyzed,":[132],"along":[133],"corresponding":[136],"compensation":[137],"decisions":[138],"allocation-related":[140],"constraints.":[141],"route":[143],"optimization":[144],"model":[145,241],"constructed":[147],"objective":[150],"of":[151,195,213,228,237],"minimizing":[152],"total":[153,207],"cost.":[154],"To":[155,167],"solve":[156],"this":[157],"model,":[158],"an":[159,173,211],"Improved":[160],"Whale":[161],"Optimization":[162],"Algorithm":[163],"(IWOA)":[164],"proposed.":[166],"further":[168],"enhance":[169],"algorithm\u2019s":[171],"performance,":[172],"adaptive":[174],"variable":[175],"neighborhood":[176],"search":[177,187],"embedded":[179],"within":[180],"proposed":[182,244],"algorithm,":[183],"four":[185],"local":[186],"operators":[188],"applied.":[190],"Using":[191],"case":[193],"study":[194],"100":[196],"nodes,":[198],"OD":[204],"participation":[205],"reduces":[206],"costs":[209],"average":[212],"24.94%":[214],"compared":[215],"vehicle":[220],"mode,":[222],"demonstrating":[223],"more":[225],"allocation":[227],"logistical":[229],"experiments":[232],"fully":[233],"demonstrate":[234],"effectiveness":[236],"algorithm.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}