{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414245309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091551","title":"Modeling Transient Waveforms of Offshore Wind Power AC/DC Transmission Faults: Unveiling Symmetry\u2013Asymmetry Mechanisms","display_name":"Modeling Transient Waveforms of Offshore Wind Power AC/DC Transmission Faults: Unveiling Symmetry\u2013Asymmetry Mechanisms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414245309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17091551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/9/1551/pdf?version=1758018356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/9/1551/pdf?version=1758018356","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101675153","display_name":"Yi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-8279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155952","display_name":"Qingdao Huanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e1zbn94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-8279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001586304","display_name":"Qi Sheng You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018065280","display_name":"Yujie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9586-8050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155952","display_name":"Qingdao Huanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e1zbn94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yujie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007667549","display_name":"Haoming Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3168-4167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155952","display_name":"Qingdao Huanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e1zbn94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoming Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055582929","display_name":"Hao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8241-6231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155952","display_name":"Qingdao Huanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e1zbn94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101853543","display_name":"Shuang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-6829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100011","display_name":"Henan Energy & Chemical Industry Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0149mnh61","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100011"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","Zhengzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100011","https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xin Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Zhancheng Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Zhancheng Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018065280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9253,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77361095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"9","first_page":"1551","last_page":"1551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.6739000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6333000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5347999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6739000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6333000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5353000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5347999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29210110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177897","display_name":"Inductance","level":3,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113608303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835","display_name":"Transmission system","level":3,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14915586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1653998","display_name":"Transient voltage suppressor","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132519959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3077373","display_name":"Test method","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89880566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323477","display_name":"RLC circuit","level":4,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17091551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/9/1551/pdf?version=1758018356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17091551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/9/1551/pdf?version=1758018356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4708214980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016EEM13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414245309.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414245309.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1733911425","https://openalex.org/W2019186409","https://openalex.org/W2025270016","https://openalex.org/W2918070251","https://openalex.org/W2978897072","https://openalex.org/W3046599908","https://openalex.org/W3176900700","https://openalex.org/W3203367864","https://openalex.org/W3215817349","https://openalex.org/W3215988320","https://openalex.org/W4211068607","https://openalex.org/W4285176857","https://openalex.org/W4313515555","https://openalex.org/W4320013853","https://openalex.org/W4388694456","https://openalex.org/W4389372073","https://openalex.org/W4394630918","https://openalex.org/W4396718847","https://openalex.org/W4403510663","https://openalex.org/W4411027180","https://openalex.org/W4411451797","https://openalex.org/W4412093636","https://openalex.org/W4412712787","https://openalex.org/W4412820398","https://openalex.org/W4412940693","https://openalex.org/W4412940925","https://openalex.org/W4412974750","https://openalex.org/W4413245726"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,47,106,170],"unveil":[4],"the":[5,21,29,35,77,94,146,152,172,186,207,212,243,252],"symmetry\u2013asymmetry":[6,91,168,213],"transition":[7],"mechanisms":[8,214],"in":[9],"transient":[10,49,95],"fault":[11,61,113,219,231],"waveforms":[12],"of":[13,24,28,38,175,215,246,255],"offshore":[14,216,228,247,256],"wind":[15,217,229,248,257],"power":[16,218,230,258],"AC/DC":[17],"transmission":[18],"systems,":[19],"addressing":[20],"critical":[22],"limitation":[23],"traditional":[25],"simulation":[26,63,232],"methods":[27],"fact":[30],"that":[31,206],"they":[32],"cannot":[33],"characterize":[34],"dynamic":[36],"evolution":[37,136],"system":[39,82],"symmetry,":[40],"such":[41,143],"as":[42,103,144],"static":[43],"impedance":[44],"adjustment":[45],"failing":[46],"capture":[48],"asymmetry":[50,126],"caused":[51],"by":[52],"parameter":[53],"imbalance":[54,122],"or":[55],"converter":[56],"control.":[57],"It":[58],"proposes":[59],"a":[60,116,124,161,239],"waveform":[62],"approach":[64],"integrating":[65],"mechanism":[66],"analysis,":[67],"scenario":[68],"extraction,":[69],"and":[70,88,90,100,123,130,138,150,159,196,221,234,250],"model":[71,166],"optimization.":[72],"Key":[73],"contributions":[74],"include":[75],"clarifying":[76],"quantitative":[78],"links":[79],"between":[80],"key":[81],"parameters":[83],"like":[84],"submarine":[85],"cable":[86],"capacitance":[87],"inductance":[89],"characteristics,":[92],"defining":[93],"decay":[96],"rate":[97],"oscillation":[98],"frequency":[99],"voltage":[101,153],"peak":[102],"core":[104],"indicators":[105],"quantify":[107],"symmetry":[108,135,179,181,190],"breaking":[109],"intensity;":[110],"classifying":[111],"typical":[112],"scenarios":[114],"into":[115],"symmetry-breaking":[117],"type":[118,127,154],"with":[119,128,167,189],"synchronous":[120],"three-phase":[121],"persistent":[125],"zero-sequence":[129],"negative-sequence":[131],"distortion":[132],"based":[133],"on":[134],"dynamics":[137],"revising":[139],"grid-connection":[140,235,244],"test":[141,157,236],"indices":[142],"lowering":[145],"low-voltage":[147],"ride-through":[148],"threshold":[149],"specifying":[151],"for":[155,226,242],"different":[156],"objectives;":[158],"constructing":[160],"simplified":[162],"embedded":[163],"RLC":[164],"second-order":[165],"constraints":[169],"reproduce":[171],"whole":[173],"process":[174],"symmetric":[176],"steady":[177],"state\u2013fault":[178],"breaking\u2013recovery":[180],"reconstruction.":[182],"Simulation":[183],"results":[184],"verify":[185],"method\u2019s":[187],"effectiveness,":[188],"indicator":[191],"reproduction":[192],"errors":[193],"\u2264":[194],"5%":[195],"asymmetric":[197],"feature":[198],"fitting":[199],"goodness":[200],"R2":[201],"\u2265":[202],"0.92,":[203],"which":[204],"confirms":[205],"method":[208],"can":[209],"effectively":[210],"reveal":[211],"transients":[220],"provides":[222],"reliable":[223],"technical":[224],"support":[225],"improving":[227],"accuracy":[233],"reliability,":[237],"laying":[238],"theoretical":[240],"basis":[241],"testing":[245],"turbines":[249],"promoting":[251],"stable":[253],"operation":[254],"systems.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
