{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412920506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","title":"Hydraulic Flow Patterns in an On-Site Wastewater Treatment Unit Under Various Operating Conditions","display_name":"Hydraulic Flow Patterns in an On-Site Wastewater Treatment Unit Under Various Operating Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412920506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17081190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/8/1190/pdf?version=1753424433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/8/1190/pdf?version=1753424433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083568937","display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Karches","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-3559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-3559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tam\u00e1s Karches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ludovika University of Public Service, 12-14 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u., H-6500 Baja, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-3559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ludovika University of Public Service, 12-14 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u., H-6500 Baja, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Papp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tam\u00e1s Papp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ludovika University of Public Service, 12-14 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u., H-6500 Baja, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ludovika University of Public Service, 12-14 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u., H-6500 Baja, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083568937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":1.4158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83452163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"1190","last_page":"1190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11624","display_name":"Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment","score":0.09619999676942825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.040800001472234726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onsite-wastewater-treatment","display_name":"on-site wastewater treatment","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing-efficiency","display_name":"mixing efficiency","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-zone","display_name":"dead zone","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeration","display_name":"aeration","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recirculation","display_name":"recirculation","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-transport","display_name":"convective transport","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracer-testing","display_name":"tracer tests","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"computational fluid dynamics","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-scale-wastewater-treatment","display_name":"small-scale wastewater treatment","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop-operation","display_name":"closed-loop operation","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactor-design","display_name":"reactor design","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.5643849968910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.54732346534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5414012670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4751467704772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.35410362482070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.32792341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.32214707136154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3007175326347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2739124596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20515137910842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16942667961120605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.146159827709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17081190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/8/1190/pdf?version=1753424433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudasportal.uni-nke.hu:20.500.12944/104047","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12944/104047","pdf_url":"https://tudasportal.uni-nke.hu/xmlui/bitstream/20.500.12944/104047/1/Hydraulic_Flow_Patterns_in_an_On-Site_Wastewater_Treatment_Unit_Under_Various_Operating_Conditions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055284","display_name":"K\u00f6zszolg\u00e1lati Tud\u00e1sport\u00e1l","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17081190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/8/1190/pdf?version=1753424433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.9090999960899353},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5925999879837036},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2953162778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TKP2021-NVA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335908","funder_display_name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G298428782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TKP2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335908","funder_display_name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335908","display_name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412920506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412920506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1448285352","https://openalex.org/W1873326613","https://openalex.org/W1976392639","https://openalex.org/W1993579749","https://openalex.org/W2007130449","https://openalex.org/W2328807752","https://openalex.org/W2329415823","https://openalex.org/W2610358870","https://openalex.org/W2741908911","https://openalex.org/W2792362923","https://openalex.org/W2818768748","https://openalex.org/W3003245641","https://openalex.org/W3015662399","https://openalex.org/W3038238101","https://openalex.org/W3089703780","https://openalex.org/W3192789270","https://openalex.org/W3198610955","https://openalex.org/W3199194724","https://openalex.org/W4229786028","https://openalex.org/W4285491828","https://openalex.org/W4285593735","https://openalex.org/W4308928409","https://openalex.org/W4318205991","https://openalex.org/W4398766216","https://openalex.org/W4402073598","https://openalex.org/W4403599856","https://openalex.org/W4404654993","https://openalex.org/W6628421787","https://openalex.org/W6752950570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358752834","https://openalex.org/W2385882612","https://openalex.org/W2348940987","https://openalex.org/W611386996","https://openalex.org/W4400467717","https://openalex.org/W2369202248","https://openalex.org/W1980686195","https://openalex.org/W2388561655","https://openalex.org/W2371343292","https://openalex.org/W2364942512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,92],"role":[1],"of":[2,95],"on-site":[3],"wastewater":[4,140],"treatment":[5,17,141],"(OSWT)":[6],"is":[7,19,69],"increasingly":[8],"important":[9],"for":[10,71],"water":[11],"reuse":[12],"and":[13,25,33,40,58,75,80,98,105,117,137],"local":[14,83],"sustainability,":[15],"but":[16,85],"efficiency":[18,104],"highly":[20],"dependent":[21],"on":[22],"hydraulic":[23,128],"behavior":[24],"mixing.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"used":[29],"validated":[30],"CFD":[31],"simulations":[32],"tracer":[34],"experiments":[35],"to":[36,126,134],"analyze":[37],"flow":[38,68],"patterns":[39],"mixing":[41,103],"performance":[42],"in":[43],"a":[44],"six-zone":[45],"OSWT":[46],"unit":[47],"under":[48],"different":[49],"operational":[50],"scenarios,":[51],"including":[52],"inflow,":[53,96],"aeration,":[54,97],"recirculation,":[55],"combined":[56,93],"mechanisms,":[57],"closed-loop":[59],"operation":[60],"without":[61],"inflow.":[62],"results":[64],"show":[65],"that":[66],"influent":[67],"essential":[70],"maintaining":[72],"convective":[73],"transport":[74],"system-wide":[76],"momentum,":[77],"while":[78],"aeration":[79],"recirculation":[81,99],"enhance":[82],"mixing,":[84],"cannot":[86],"fully":[87],"overcome":[88],"geometric":[89],"dead":[90,108,119],"zones.":[91,120],"use":[94],"achieved":[100],"the":[101,107,124],"highest":[102],"minimized":[106],"volume,":[109],"whereas":[110],"scenarios":[111],"lacking":[112],"inflow":[113],"exhibited":[114],"severe":[115],"stagnation":[116],"expanded":[118],"These":[121],"findings":[122],"highlight":[123],"need":[125],"integrate":[127],"interventions":[129],"with":[130],"thoughtful":[131],"reactor":[132],"design":[133],"ensure":[135],"effective":[136],"resilient":[138],"small-scale":[139],"systems.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}