{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412085449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071087","title":"AnnCoder: A Mti-Agent-Based Code Generation and Optimization Model","display_name":"AnnCoder: A Mti-Agent-Based Code Generation and Optimization Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412085449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1087/pdf?version=1751900649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1087/pdf?version=1751900649","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379410","display_name":"Zhenhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358508","display_name":"Jianfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-3348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088478790","display_name":"Zhengyang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I216106892","display_name":"DigiPen Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05cxkpp05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I216106892"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, DigiPen Institute of Technology, Redmond, WA 98052, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9397-2540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, DigiPen Institute of Technology, Redmond, WA 98052, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I216106892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350312","display_name":"Yunpeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9387-5895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9387-5895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009528885","display_name":"Jiayun Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5838-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayun Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009528885","https://openalex.org/A5100358508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":4.7047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94430471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1087","last_page":"1087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12601","display_name":"Web Applications and Data Management","score":0.9420999884605408,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6966403722763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.567253589630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3146851062774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.12413987517356873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6966403722763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.567253589630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3146851062774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.12413987517356873}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1087/pdf?version=1751900649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1087/pdf?version=1751900649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412085449.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412085449.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077645100","https://openalex.org/W2518136680","https://openalex.org/W3033481405","https://openalex.org/W4309046765","https://openalex.org/W4382334332","https://openalex.org/W4384345745","https://openalex.org/W4385430086","https://openalex.org/W4385562549","https://openalex.org/W4390970405","https://openalex.org/W4393147146","https://openalex.org/W4393284497","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4399419016","https://openalex.org/W4400582844","https://openalex.org/W4402409840","https://openalex.org/W4402516191","https://openalex.org/W4403942906","https://openalex.org/W4406843521","https://openalex.org/W4407209588","https://openalex.org/W4407771093","https://openalex.org/W4407989189","https://openalex.org/W4408861755","https://openalex.org/W4409360777","https://openalex.org/W4409574490","https://openalex.org/W4409703747","https://openalex.org/W4411120270","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6810738896","https://openalex.org/W6847076894","https://openalex.org/W6850886341","https://openalex.org/W6851014517","https://openalex.org/W6852275782","https://openalex.org/W6852742315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"progress":[2],"of":[3,79,86,100,163],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"has":[8,204],"greatly":[9],"improved":[10],"natural":[11],"language":[12],"tasks":[13],"like":[14,43],"code":[15,24,192],"generation,":[16],"boosting":[17],"developer":[18],"productivity.":[19],"However,":[20],"challenges":[21],"persist.":[22],"Generated":[23],"often":[25],"appears":[26],"\u201cpseudo-correct\u201d\u2014passing":[27],"functional":[28,126],"tests":[29],"but":[30],"plagued":[31],"by":[32,120,166],"inefficiency":[33],"or":[34],"redundant":[35],"structures.":[36],"Many":[37],"models":[38,165],"rely":[39],"on":[40],"outdated":[41],"methods":[42],"greedy":[44],"selection,":[45],"which":[46],"trap":[47],"them":[48],"in":[49,207],"local":[50,94,172],"optima,":[51],"limiting":[52],"their":[53],"ability":[54],"to":[55,113,148],"explore":[56],"better":[57],"solutions.":[58,104],"We":[59,105],"propose":[60],"AnnCoder,":[61],"a":[62],"multi-agent":[63],"framework":[64],"that":[65,107],"mimics":[66],"the":[67,76,83,98,139,161],"human":[68],"\u201ctry-fix-adapt\u201d":[69],"cycle":[70],"through":[71],"closed-loop":[72],"optimization.":[73],"By":[74],"combining":[75,168],"exploratory":[77],"power":[78],"simulated":[80],"annealing":[81],"with":[82,171,179],"targeted":[84],"evolution":[85],"genetic":[87],"algorithms,":[88],"AnnCoder":[89,117,203],"balances":[90],"wide-ranging":[91],"searches":[92],"and":[93,131,186,200],"refinements,":[95],"dramatically":[96],"increasing":[97],"likelihood":[99],"finding":[101],"globally":[102],"optimal":[103],"speculate":[106],"traditional":[108],"approaches":[109],"may":[110],"struggle":[111],"due":[112],"narrow":[114],"optimization":[115,173],"focuses.":[116],"addresses":[118],"this":[119],"introducing":[121],"dynamic":[122],"multi-criteria":[123],"scoring,":[124],"weighing":[125],"correctness,":[127],"efficiency":[128],"(e.g.,":[129],"runtime/memory),":[130],"readability.":[132],"Its":[133],"adaptive":[134],"temperature":[135],"control":[136],"dynamically":[137],"modulates":[138],"cooling":[140,143],"schedule,":[141],"slowing":[142],"when":[144],"solutions":[145],"are":[146],"diverse":[147],"encourage":[149],"exploration,":[150],"then":[151],"accelerating":[152],"convergence":[153],"as":[154],"they":[155],"stabilize.":[156],"This":[157],"design":[158],"elegantly":[159],"avoids":[160],"pitfalls":[162],"earlier":[164],"synergistically":[167],"global":[169],"exploration":[170],"capabilities.":[174],"After":[175],"conducting":[176],"thorough":[177],"experiments":[178],"multiple":[180],"LLMs":[181],"analyses":[182],"across":[183,219],"four":[184],"problem-solving":[185],"program":[187],"synthesis":[188],"benchmarks\u2014AnnCoder":[189],"showcased":[190],"remarkable":[191],"generation":[193],"capabilities\u2014HumanEval":[194],"90.85%,":[195],"MBPP":[196],"90.68%,":[197],"HumanEval-ET":[198],"85.37%,":[199],"EvalPlus":[201],"84.8%.":[202],"outstanding":[205],"advantages":[206],"solving":[208],"general":[209],"programming":[210,221],"problems.":[211],"Moreover,":[212],"our":[213],"method":[214],"consistently":[215],"delivers":[216],"superior":[217],"performance":[218],"various":[220],"languages.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}