{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411896670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071036","title":"Experimental Study on Failure Mechanisms of Shield Tunnel Segments with Initial Cracks Under Surcharge Loading","display_name":"Experimental Study on Failure Mechanisms of Shield Tunnel Segments with Initial Cracks Under Surcharge Loading","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411896670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1036/pdf?version=1751361538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1036/pdf?version=1751361538","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049863954","display_name":"Pengfei Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151378","display_name":"Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04p4ra235","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China","Department of Architectural Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083611668","display_name":"Gang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-0880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573310","display_name":"Hangzhou City University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wck0s05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310","https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630524","display_name":"Haibo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166427055","display_name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qjh2h11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166427055"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China","College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166427055"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114133541","display_name":"Yongjie Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjie Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393307","display_name":"Yangyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3913-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184681353","display_name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q9atg80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101630524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I166427055"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.9623,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72395008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1036","last_page":"1036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shield","display_name":"Shield","score":0.6162102818489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.5962488055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5573576092720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.45895156264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.4187563359737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2097722589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petrology","display_name":"Petrology","score":0.1495535671710968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138081364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852013","display_name":"Shield","level":2,"score":0.6162102818489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5962488055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5573576092720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.45895156264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4187563359737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2097722589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5900021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082","display_name":"Petrology","level":1,"score":0.1495535671710968}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1036/pdf?version=1751361538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1036/pdf?version=1751361538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2536015655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52178399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7688587471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52369021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325436","display_name":"Department of Education of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05gj07w56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411896670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411896670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021431818","https://openalex.org/W2083809670","https://openalex.org/W2099972059","https://openalex.org/W3002993242","https://openalex.org/W3198864915","https://openalex.org/W3198878087","https://openalex.org/W4239808210","https://openalex.org/W4402332541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W191020423","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W212028160","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4388071457","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W4409278740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accidental":[0],"ground":[1],"surcharge":[2,52,71,175],"loads":[3],"can":[4],"induce":[5],"adverse":[6],"effects":[7,153],"such":[8],"as":[9],"segment":[10],"cracking":[11],"in":[12,35,44,124,136],"underlying":[13],"shield":[14,36,45],"tunnel":[15,23,37,46],"structures,":[16],"with":[17,48,94,130,197],"particularly":[18],"pronounced":[19],"impacts":[20],"on":[21],"pre-damaged":[22,137],"segments.":[24,110],"Cracks":[25],"represent":[26],"one":[27],"of":[28,144,154,161],"the":[29,85,141,179,192],"most":[30],"common":[31],"initial":[32,49,65,78,98,118,157],"damage":[33],"forms":[34],"structures.":[38],"To":[39],"investigate":[40],"through-crack":[41,90,184],"failure":[42],"mechanisms":[43],"segments":[47,93,112,138],"cracks":[50,99,119,135,146,158,172],"under":[51],"loading,":[53],"this":[54],"study":[55],"conducted":[56],"1:8":[57],"scaled":[58],"indoor":[59],"model":[60],"tests,":[61],"considering":[62],"factors":[63],"including":[64],"crack":[66,79],"length,":[67],"quantity,":[68],"morphology,":[69],"and":[70,81],"position.":[72],"Research":[73],"findings":[74],"demonstrate":[75],"that":[76],"increased":[77],"length":[80],"quantity":[82],"significantly":[83,177],"reduce":[84],"critical":[86,125,180],"load":[87,103,126,181,199],"required":[88,100],"for":[89,183],"formation.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"9":[95,115],"cm":[96,116],"longitudinal":[97,163],"50.9%":[101],"less":[102],"to":[104,108,128,187],"develop":[105],"through-cracks":[106],"compared":[107,186],"intact":[109],"Similarly,":[111],"containing":[113],"two":[114],"circumferential":[117,132,171],"exhibited":[120],"a":[121],"22.1%":[122],"reduction":[123],"relative":[127],"those":[129,160],"single":[131],"cracks.":[133],"Initial":[134],"substantially":[139],"influence":[140],"propagation":[142],"path":[143],"new":[145],"during":[147],"subsequent":[148],"loading":[149,176],"failures.":[150],"The":[151],"detrimental":[152],"staggered":[155],"longitudinal-circumferential":[156],"exceed":[159],"purely":[162],"cracks,":[164],"which":[165],"themselves":[166],"pose":[167],"greater":[168],"risks":[169,195],"than":[170],"alone.":[173],"Bilateral":[174],"increases":[178],"threshold":[182],"formation":[185],"unilateral":[188],"loading.":[189],"This":[190],"highlights":[191],"severe":[193],"structural":[194],"associated":[196],"uneven":[198],"distribution.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}