{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411834223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071023","title":"A Transfer-Learning-Based Approach to Symmetry-Preserving Dynamic Equivalent Modeling of Large Power Systems with Small Variations in Operating Conditions","display_name":"A Transfer-Learning-Based Approach to Symmetry-Preserving Dynamic Equivalent Modeling of Large Power Systems with Small Variations in Operating Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411834223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1023/pdf?version=1751186345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1023/pdf?version=1751186345","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044636792","display_name":"Lahiru Aththanayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-8826"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lahiru Aththanayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-8826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103128237","display_name":"Devinder Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9337-5068"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devinder Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007829488","display_name":"Shama Naz Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-7960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shama Naz Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-7960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087197226","display_name":"Ameen Gargoom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4635-4993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ameen Gargoom","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4635-4993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067867890","display_name":"Nasser Hosseinzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8755-1176"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Hosseinzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Queensland, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Queensland, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087197226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.9579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73495253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1023","last_page":"1023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.5459557771682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5398534536361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-function","display_name":"Transfer function","score":0.47889748215675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.47528401017189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4592980444431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.42891889810562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3232313394546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.230404794216156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19633129239082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11215406656265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.09456104040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.07764792442321777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07631078362464905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5459557771682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5398534536361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81299745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334269","display_name":"Transfer function","level":2,"score":0.47889748215675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47528401017189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4592980444431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.42891889810562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3232313394546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.230404794216156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19633129239082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11215406656265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.09456104040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.07764792442321777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07631078362464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1023/pdf?version=1751186345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29566055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Transfer-Learning-Based_Approach_to_Symmetry-Preserving_Dynamic_Equivalent_Modeling_of_Large_Power_Systems_with_Small_Variations_in_Operating_Conditions/29566055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1023/pdf?version=1751186345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411834223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411834223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1666454282","https://openalex.org/W1989208736","https://openalex.org/W2006596728","https://openalex.org/W2025133193","https://openalex.org/W2035219046","https://openalex.org/W2049857321","https://openalex.org/W2066792398","https://openalex.org/W2070599937","https://openalex.org/W2085629944","https://openalex.org/W2099654950","https://openalex.org/W2107312320","https://openalex.org/W2127342000","https://openalex.org/W2155968149","https://openalex.org/W2157765506","https://openalex.org/W2281071090","https://openalex.org/W2319829260","https://openalex.org/W2343490554","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2728412957","https://openalex.org/W2792331020","https://openalex.org/W2883867434","https://openalex.org/W2907826076","https://openalex.org/W2910749386","https://openalex.org/W2972961631","https://openalex.org/W3000222694","https://openalex.org/W3002217632","https://openalex.org/W3036706442","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3045884296","https://openalex.org/W3113976680","https://openalex.org/W3130100171","https://openalex.org/W3160634764","https://openalex.org/W3166805494","https://openalex.org/W4200032353","https://openalex.org/W4214588709","https://openalex.org/W4243293884","https://openalex.org/W4244893885","https://openalex.org/W4285271227","https://openalex.org/W4293318869","https://openalex.org/W4315853073","https://openalex.org/W4324142429","https://openalex.org/W4388550041","https://openalex.org/W4402834159","https://openalex.org/W4405440145","https://openalex.org/W4406158012","https://openalex.org/W4408357788","https://openalex.org/W4409013577","https://openalex.org/W6795128135","https://openalex.org/W6839115586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W1971380437","https://openalex.org/W1983548084","https://openalex.org/W2141691317","https://openalex.org/W2110846987","https://openalex.org/W2160609742","https://openalex.org/W1997414638","https://openalex.org/W2031091109","https://openalex.org/W2049254832","https://openalex.org/W2383436541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"dynamic":[1],"equivalents":[2],"of":[3,15,24,69,81,93,120,125,132,180,186,237,252,287],"large":[4,67],"power":[5,17,26,49,94,127,167,223,307],"networks":[6],"are":[7,157,190],"essential":[8],"for":[9,48,159,166,210],"fast":[10],"and":[11,85,147,221,227,284,306],"reliable":[12],"stability":[13,130],"analysis":[14,59,131],"bulk":[16],"systems.":[18],"This":[19,101,137,207],"is":[20,42,202],"because":[21],"the":[22,53,56,62,79,89,118,145,148,178,184,213,235,249,269,274,282,285,290,299],"dimensionality":[23],"modern":[25,32,38],"systems":[27,50,95,168],"raises":[28],"convergence":[29],"issues":[30],"in":[31,61,88,173,204,212,219,248,273,292,304],"stability-analysis":[33],"programs.":[34],"However,":[35,150],"even":[36],"with":[37],"computational":[39,70],"power,":[40],"it":[41],"challenging":[43],"to":[44,52,98,116,177,242,255,298],"find":[45],"reduced-order":[46],"models":[47],"due":[51,176],"following":[54],"factors:":[55],"tedious":[57],"mathematical":[58],"involved":[60],"classical":[63],"reduction":[64,83],"techniques":[65,153],"requires":[66,140],"amounts":[68],"power;":[71],"inadequate":[72],"information":[73],"sharing":[74],"between":[75,144],"geographical":[76],"areas":[77],"prohibits":[78],"execution":[80],"model-dependent":[82],"techniques;":[84],"frequent":[86],"fluctuations":[87,172],"operating":[90,174,260],"conditions":[91,175],"(OPs)":[92],"necessitate":[96],"updates":[97],"reduced":[99],"models.":[100],"paper":[102],"focuses":[103],"on":[104],"a":[105,110,126,133,196,238,243],"measurement-based":[106],"approach":[107,208],"that":[108,169,295],"uses":[109],"deep":[111],"artificial":[112],"neural":[113],"network":[114],"(DNN)":[115],"estimate":[117],"dynamics":[119,258],"an":[121],"external":[122],"system":[123,135,272],"(ES)":[124],"system,":[128],"enabling":[129],"study":[134],"(SS).":[136],"DNN":[138,156,188,240],"technique":[139,189,201,233],"boundary":[141],"measurements":[142],"only":[143],"SS":[146,283],"ES.":[149],"machine":[151],"learning-based":[152],"like":[154],"this":[155,187,194,205],"known":[158],"their":[160],"extensive":[161],"training":[162],"requirements.":[163],"In":[164],"particular,":[165],"undergo":[170],"continuous":[171],"use":[179],"renewable":[181],"energy":[182,229],"sources,":[183],"applications":[185],"limited.":[191],"To":[192],"address":[193],"issue,":[195],"Deep":[197],"Transfer":[198],"Learning":[199],"(DTL)-based":[200],"proposed":[203,232],"paper.":[206],"accounts":[209],"variations":[211,218,303],"OPs":[214],"such":[215],"as":[216,281,289],"time-to-time":[217],"loads":[220,305],"intermittent":[222],"generation":[224],"from":[225],"wind":[226],"solar":[228],"sources.":[230],"The":[231,262],"adjusts":[234],"parameters":[236],"pretrained":[239],"model":[241,253,280],"new":[244],"OP,":[245],"leveraging":[246],"symmetry":[247],"balanced":[250],"adaptation":[251],"layers":[254],"maintain":[256],"consistent":[257],"across":[259],"conditions.":[261],"experimental":[263],"results":[264],"were":[265],"obtained":[266],"by":[267,302],"representing":[268],"Queensland":[270],"(QLD)":[271],"simplified":[275],"Australian":[276],"14":[277],"generator":[278],"(AU14G)":[279],"rest":[286],"AU14G":[288],"ES":[291],"five":[293],"scenarios":[294],"represent":[296],"changes":[297],"OP":[300],"caused":[301],"generation.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}