{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411668003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071005","title":"Addressing Structural Asymmetry: Unsupervised Joint Training of Bilingual Embeddings for Non-Isomorphic Spaces","display_name":"Addressing Structural Asymmetry: Unsupervised Joint Training of Bilingual Embeddings for Non-Isomorphic Spaces","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411668003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1005/pdf?version=1750919341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1005/pdf?version=1750919341","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041574770","display_name":"Lei Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-8406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I903994226","display_name":"Xuchang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k174p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I903994226"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I903994226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114194938","display_name":"Xiaona Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaona Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016687187","display_name":"Shangfeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4347-8592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangfeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108080178","display_name":"Xiaojun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-5484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108080178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05588583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1005","last_page":"1005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.953499972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6271123886108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetry","display_name":"Asymmetry","score":0.5987828969955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5159772038459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.45642349123954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44355452060699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3894132077693939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3396162986755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3231334984302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15826144814491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11640402674674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06691592931747437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6271123886108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.5987828969955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5159772038459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.45642349123954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44355452060699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3894132077693939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3396162986755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3231334984302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15826144814491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11640402674674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06691592931747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1005/pdf?version=1750919341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17071005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/1005/pdf?version=1750919341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411668003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411668003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1828724394","https://openalex.org/W2294774419","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2741602058","https://openalex.org/W2798938673","https://openalex.org/W2888536529","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2949405462","https://openalex.org/W2963047628","https://openalex.org/W2963165489","https://openalex.org/W2963206679","https://openalex.org/W2964266061","https://openalex.org/W2970037872","https://openalex.org/W2970854433","https://openalex.org/W2973088264","https://openalex.org/W3037458976","https://openalex.org/W3105425516","https://openalex.org/W3115666696","https://openalex.org/W3166316189","https://openalex.org/W3169483174","https://openalex.org/W3175301726","https://openalex.org/W3193848514","https://openalex.org/W3198189804","https://openalex.org/W3203281511","https://openalex.org/W4210287993","https://openalex.org/W4221152424","https://openalex.org/W4293581639","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4321497407","https://openalex.org/W4367057257","https://openalex.org/W4382371037","https://openalex.org/W4384825071","https://openalex.org/W4386001613","https://openalex.org/W4390037644","https://openalex.org/W4393160944","https://openalex.org/W4393178573","https://openalex.org/W4400024581","https://openalex.org/W4406949464","https://openalex.org/W4409157490","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6763687114","https://openalex.org/W6765510844","https://openalex.org/W6807418717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980563100","https://openalex.org/W1644661642","https://openalex.org/W4297670902","https://openalex.org/W2035154026","https://openalex.org/W2065779551","https://openalex.org/W2050217822","https://openalex.org/W3102935140","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2001403916","https://openalex.org/W2064827254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bilingual":[0],"Word":[1],"Embeddings":[2],"(BWEs)":[3],"are":[4,50],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,25,74,133],"multilingual":[7],"NLP":[8],"tasks,":[9],"enabling":[10],"cross-lingual":[11],"transfer.":[12],"While":[13],"traditional":[14],"joint":[15,71],"training":[16,72,94],"methods":[17],"require":[18],"bilingual":[19,88,99],"corpora,":[20],"their":[21],"applicability":[22],"is":[23],"limited":[24],"many":[26],"language":[27,54,135],"pairs,":[28],"especially":[29],"low-resource":[30],"ones.":[31],"Unsupervised":[32],"methods,":[33],"relying":[34,96],"on":[35,97],"the":[36,105,123],"isomorphism":[37],"assumption,":[38],"suffer":[39],"from":[40],"performance":[41],"degradation":[42],"when":[43],"dealing":[44],"with":[45],"non-isomorphic":[46,110],"embedding":[47],"spaces,":[48],"which":[49],"common":[51],"in":[52,116],"distant":[53,134],"pairs.":[55],"This":[56],"structural":[57,139],"asymmetry":[58,140],"challenges":[59],"conventional":[60],"approaches.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"limitations,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"a":[68,82,117],"novel":[69],"unsupervised":[70],"method":[73,127],"BWEs.":[75],"We":[76],"leverage":[77],"monolingual":[78],"corpora":[79],"and":[80],"introduce":[81],"dynamic":[83],"programming":[84],"algorithm":[85],"to":[86,129],"extract":[87],"text":[89],"segments,":[90],"facilitating":[91],"concurrent":[92],"BWE":[93],"without":[95],"explicit":[98],"supervision.":[100],"Our":[101],"approach":[102],"effectively":[103],"mitigates":[104],"challenge":[106],"posed":[107],"by":[108,112],"asymmetric,":[109],"spaces":[111],"jointly":[113],"learning":[114],"BWEs":[115],"shared":[118],"space.":[119],"Extensive":[120],"experiments":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"superiority":[124],"of":[125],"our":[126],"compared":[128],"existing":[130],"approaches,":[131],"particularly":[132],"pairs":[136],"exhibiting":[137],"significant":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}