{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411605258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070987","title":"A Malicious URL Detection Framework Based on Custom Hybrid Spatial Sequence Attention and Logic Constraint Neural Network","display_name":"A Malicious URL Detection Framework Based on Custom Hybrid Spatial Sequence Attention and Logic Constraint Neural Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411605258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/987/pdf?version=1750651746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/987/pdf?version=1750651746","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102222253","display_name":"Jinyang Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067420608","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-8000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101974805","display_name":"Bing Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2295-3569"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan Engineering Research Center for Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan Engineering Research Center for Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061025828","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101674536","display_name":"Xin Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-5866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101811842","display_name":"Ming Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-4811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056074153","display_name":"Xiling Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiling Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061025828","https://openalex.org/A5067420608","https://openalex.org/A5101974805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.5549,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89973288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"987","last_page":"987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7530406713485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6798428893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6116225719451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5889137983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47624945640563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-pattern-mining","display_name":"Sequential Pattern Mining","score":0.41473519802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35925745964050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3468244969844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09332379698753357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7530406713485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6798428893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6116225719451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5889137983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47624945640563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149490388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1718507","display_name":"Sequential Pattern Mining","level":2,"score":0.41473519802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35925745964050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3468244969844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09332379698753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/987/pdf?version=1750651746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/987/pdf?version=1750651746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480065781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Hnky2024ZD-24","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326677","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326677","display_name":"Education Department of Hainan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411605258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411605258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2361517492","https://openalex.org/W2588813228","https://openalex.org/W2783033852","https://openalex.org/W2917931843","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2990193135","https://openalex.org/W3012459057","https://openalex.org/W3023514002","https://openalex.org/W3129207156","https://openalex.org/W3133715332","https://openalex.org/W3135306750","https://openalex.org/W3207060140","https://openalex.org/W4280614404","https://openalex.org/W4306953359","https://openalex.org/W4311622233","https://openalex.org/W4312703971","https://openalex.org/W4313887253","https://openalex.org/W4323314334","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386963445","https://openalex.org/W4387668052","https://openalex.org/W4392209836","https://openalex.org/W4393146647","https://openalex.org/W4399282652","https://openalex.org/W4399732647","https://openalex.org/W4404569134","https://openalex.org/W4407903242","https://openalex.org/W4410510254","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6771086294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390900636","https://openalex.org/W2807251790","https://openalex.org/W2799406489","https://openalex.org/W2391251536","https://openalex.org/W2362198218","https://openalex.org/W2049792449","https://openalex.org/W2019521278","https://openalex.org/W2136066520","https://openalex.org/W2352205375","https://openalex.org/W1521723924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,17,34,68,79,89,124,139,150,157,167,171,179,199,214,224],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,19,71,76,170],"Internet,":[6],"malicious":[7,36,227],"URL":[8,37,113,194,211,228],"detection":[9,49,72,220,229],"has":[10],"emerged":[11],"as":[12],"a":[13,47],"critical":[14],"challenge":[15],"in":[16,32,100,191,209],"field":[18],"cyberspace":[20],"security.":[21],"Traditional":[22],"machine-learning":[23],"techniques":[24],"and":[25,64,126,132,145,162,187,204,207],"subsequent":[26],"deep-learning":[27],"frameworks":[28],"have":[29],"shown":[30],"limitations":[31],"handling":[33,192],"complex":[35,193,210],"data":[38,185],"generated":[39],"by":[40],"contemporary":[41],"phishing":[42],"attacks.":[43],"This":[44,165],"paper":[45,102],"proposes":[46],"novel":[48],"framework,":[50],"HSSLC-CharGRU":[51,77,97,217],"(Hybrid":[52,91],"Spatial\u2013Sequential":[53,92],"Attention":[54],"Logically":[55],"constrained":[56],"neural":[57],"network":[58],"CharGRU),":[59],"which":[60],"balances":[61],"high":[62],"efficiency":[63],"accuracy":[65,221],"while":[66],"enhancing":[67,134],"generalization":[69,181,201],"capability":[70,182],"frameworks.":[73],"The":[74,96,109,121],"core":[75],"is":[78],"Gated":[80],"Recurrent":[81,84],"Unit":[82],"(Gated":[83],"Unit,":[85],"GRU),":[86],"integrated":[87],"with":[88,223],"HSSA":[90,110,127],"Attention,":[93],"HSSA)":[94],"module.":[95],"framework":[98],"proposed":[99],"this":[101],"integrates":[103],"symmetry":[104,169],"concepts":[105],"into":[106],"its":[107,189,205],"design.":[108],"module":[111,141],"extracts":[112],"sequence":[114],"features":[115],"across":[116,183,202],"scales,":[117],"reflecting":[118],"multi-scale":[119],"invariance.":[120],"interaction":[122],"between":[123],"GRU":[125],"modules":[128],"provides":[129],"functional":[130],"complementarity":[131],"symmetry,":[133],"model":[135],"robustness.":[136],"In":[137,213],"addition,":[138],"LCNN":[140],"incorporates":[142],"logical":[143,175],"rules":[144],"prior":[146],"constraints":[147,176],"to":[148,160],"regulate":[149],"pattern-learning":[151],"process":[152],"during":[153],"feature":[154,172],"extraction,":[155],"reducing":[156],"model\u2019s":[158,180,200],"sensitivity":[159],"noise":[161],"anomalous":[163],"patterns.":[164,195,212],"enhances":[166],"structural":[168],"space.":[173],"Such":[174],"further":[177],"improve":[178],"diverse":[184],"distributions":[186],"strengthen":[188],"stability":[190],"These":[196],"symmetries":[197],"boost":[198],"datasets":[203],"adaptability":[206],"robustness":[208],"experimental":[215],"part,":[216],"shows":[218],"excellent":[219],"compared":[222],"current":[225],"character-level":[226],"models.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
