{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411605619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070984","title":"Positioning-Based Uplink Synchronization Method for NB-IoT in LEO Satellite Networks","display_name":"Positioning-Based Uplink Synchronization Method for NB-IoT in LEO Satellite Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411605619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/984/pdf?version=1750498568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/984/pdf?version=1750498568","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670652","display_name":"Qiang Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-0031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085914970","display_name":"Tao Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-3074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067440126","display_name":"Gengxin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-1922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengxin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-1922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085914970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":7.9531,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96541243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"984","last_page":"984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7305713295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6749043464660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6670265197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6218717098236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-synchronization","display_name":"Time synchronization","score":0.5287855267524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.42166393995285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37442338466644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37213456630706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.15377527475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1027233898639679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.08988207578659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06590107083320618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7305713295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6749043464660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6670265197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6218717098236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.5287855267524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.42166393995285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37442338466644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37213456630706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.15377527475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1027233898639679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.08988207578659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06590107083320618}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/984/pdf?version=1750498568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17070984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17070984","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/7/984/pdf?version=1750498568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1240908297","display_name":"\u9ad8\u4f4e\u8f68\u9891\u8c31\u5171\u7528\u573a\u666f\u4e2dLEO\u661f\u5ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u6001\u8d44\u6e90\u667a\u80fd\u8c03\u5ea6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3214371316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5713416328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411605619.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411605619.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471037494","https://openalex.org/W2577876429","https://openalex.org/W2885378192","https://openalex.org/W2887800667","https://openalex.org/W3007804894","https://openalex.org/W3011774895","https://openalex.org/W3039077021","https://openalex.org/W3104650338","https://openalex.org/W3127151507","https://openalex.org/W3161012333","https://openalex.org/W3180641418","https://openalex.org/W3192785358","https://openalex.org/W4226018365","https://openalex.org/W4291162550","https://openalex.org/W4319341323","https://openalex.org/W4379930972","https://openalex.org/W4388206018","https://openalex.org/W4388838028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885105415","https://openalex.org/W2166939931","https://openalex.org/W2548702785","https://openalex.org/W4231087120","https://openalex.org/W2031096545","https://openalex.org/W2322793796","https://openalex.org/W1631301428","https://openalex.org/W2361721963","https://openalex.org/W1566366401","https://openalex.org/W2791809871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,32,35,45,52,77,87,104,110,115,125,148,164,168,171,178,187,195,198,213],"growth":[2],"of":[3,5,28,44,92,109,143,151,197,233],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"business":[8],"demands,":[9],"NB-IoT":[10,60],"integrating":[11],"low":[12],"earth":[13],"orbit":[14],"(LEO)":[15],"satellite":[16,192,206],"communication":[17],"systems":[18],"is":[19,174,201],"considered":[20],"a":[21,69,120,140],"crucial":[22],"component":[23],"for":[24,86],"achieving":[25],"global":[26],"coverage":[27],"IoT":[29],"networks":[30],"in":[31,57,203,216],"future.":[33],"However,":[34],"long":[36],"propagation":[37],"delay":[38],"and":[39,54,107,130,181],"significant":[40],"Doppler":[41,89,132,183],"frequency":[42,90,108],"shift":[43,91,133,184],"satellite-to-ground":[46],"link":[47],"pose":[48],"substantial":[49],"challenges":[50],"to":[51,75,113,123,209],"uplink":[53,116,172,229],"downlink":[55,78,97],"synchronization":[56,98,173,230],"LEO":[58,93],"satellite-based":[59],"networks.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"this":[64,136,217],"challenge,":[65],"we":[66,118,138],"first":[67],"propose":[68,119],"Multiple":[70],"Segment":[71],"Auto-correlation":[72],"(MSA)":[73],"algorithm":[74],"detect":[76],"Narrow-band":[79],"Primary":[80],"Synchronization":[81],"Signal":[82],"(NPSS),":[83],"specifically":[84],"tailored":[85],"large":[88],"satellites.":[94],"After":[95,162],"detection,":[96],"can":[99],"be":[100],"realized":[101],"by":[102,176,223],"determining":[103],"arrival":[105,144,149],"time":[106,141],"NPSS.":[111],"Then,":[112],"complete":[114],"synchronization,":[117],"position-based":[121],"scheme":[122,200],"obtain":[124],"Timing":[126],"Advance":[127],"(TA)":[128],"values":[129,180],"pre-compensated":[131,182],"value.":[134],"In":[135],"scheme,":[137],"formulate":[139],"difference":[142],"(TDOA)":[145],"equation":[146,166],"using":[147,167],"times":[150,159],"NPSSs":[152],"from":[153,186],"different":[154,158],"satellites":[155],"or":[156],"at":[157],"as":[160],"observations.":[161],"solving":[163],"TDOA":[165],"Chan":[169],"method,":[170],"completed":[175],"obtaining":[177],"TA":[179],"value":[185],"terminal":[188,220],"position":[189],"combined":[190],"with":[191],"ephemeris.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"feasibility":[196],"proposed":[199,215],"verified":[202],"an":[204,228],"Iridium":[205],"constellation.":[207],"Compared":[208],"conventional":[210],"GNSS-assisted":[211],"methods,":[212],"approach":[214],"paper":[218],"reduces":[219],"power":[221],"consumption":[222],"15\u201340%.":[224],"Moreover,":[225],"it":[226],"achieves":[227],"success":[231],"rate":[232],"over":[234],"98%":[235],"under":[236],"negative":[237],"SNR":[238],"conditions.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}