{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411185199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060915","title":"A Cognitive Load Assessment Method for Airtight Cabin Operators Based on a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"A Cognitive Load Assessment Method for Airtight Cabin Operators Based on a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411185199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/915/pdf?version=1749548004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/915/pdf?version=1749548004","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068854780","display_name":"Jingluan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingluan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057143419","display_name":"Dengkai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-1220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengkai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612513","display_name":"Jie Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industrial Design and Ergonomics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068854780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I890469752"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9526,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7504454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"915","last_page":"915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.902400016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.782068133354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7091912031173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4898047149181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3616703152656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0970662534236908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08542808890342712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.782068133354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7091912031173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4898047149181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3616703152656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0970662534236908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08542808890342712}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/915/pdf?version=1749548004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/915/pdf?version=1749548004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G159561366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC2800600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G200371958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022GY-311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7837518539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC2800600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8590683853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX2023049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411185199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411185199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113138390","https://openalex.org/W122984168","https://openalex.org/W2022856590","https://openalex.org/W2065073464","https://openalex.org/W2080209737","https://openalex.org/W2133658999","https://openalex.org/W2339645138","https://openalex.org/W2529275262","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2774049169","https://openalex.org/W2805670769","https://openalex.org/W2904117601","https://openalex.org/W2922148814","https://openalex.org/W2979875836","https://openalex.org/W2991043651","https://openalex.org/W2997849943","https://openalex.org/W3000552369","https://openalex.org/W3031794424","https://openalex.org/W3084234282","https://openalex.org/W3113320340","https://openalex.org/W3128272635","https://openalex.org/W3136360213","https://openalex.org/W3158768744","https://openalex.org/W3166835909","https://openalex.org/W3191751572","https://openalex.org/W3198063694","https://openalex.org/W4281781531","https://openalex.org/W4287010178","https://openalex.org/W4290988309","https://openalex.org/W4304761949","https://openalex.org/W4307570348","https://openalex.org/W4313209353","https://openalex.org/W4364322253","https://openalex.org/W4384927128","https://openalex.org/W4396650176","https://openalex.org/W4406498769","https://openalex.org/W4407193473","https://openalex.org/W4410388791","https://openalex.org/W6604518809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airtight":[0],"cabins":[1],"with":[2],"highly":[3],"complex":[4],"human\u2013machine":[5],"systems":[6],"impose":[7],"an":[8,43,130],"excessive":[9],"cognitive":[10,17,56,132],"load":[11,18,57,133],"on":[12,35,47],"operators.":[13],"However,":[14],"the":[15,55,82,91,96,104,115],"traditional":[16],"assessment":[19],"methods":[20],"often":[21],"cannot":[22],"fully":[23],"extract":[24],"physiological":[25,69],"features":[26],"such":[27,71],"as":[28,72,129],"electroencephalogram":[29,73],"and":[30,66,74,77,103,141],"electrocardiogram":[31,75],"signals,":[32],"relying":[33],"heavily":[34],"artificial":[36],"feature":[37],"extraction.":[38],"Therefore,":[39],"this":[40,122],"study":[41],"proposes":[42],"evaluation":[44,63],"method":[45,64,117],"based":[46],"a":[48,126],"one-dimensional":[49,97],"convolutional":[50,98],"neural":[51,99],"network":[52,100],"to":[53],"evaluate":[54],"of":[58,95],"airtight":[59],"cabin":[60],"workers.":[61],"This":[62],"preprocesses":[65],"intercepts":[67],"raw":[68],"signals":[70,76],"then":[78],"inputs":[79],"them":[80],"into":[81],"model":[83],"for":[84],"evaluation.":[85],"The":[86],"experimental":[87],"results":[88],"demonstrate":[89],"that":[90],"training":[92],"accuracy":[93,107],"rate":[94,108],"is":[101,109,138],"97.6%,":[102],"test":[105],"classification":[106],"86.5%.":[110],"Despite":[111],"sample":[112],"size":[113],"limitations,":[114],"proposed":[116],"demonstrates":[118],"valid":[119],"effectiveness":[120],"in":[121,134],"study.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"taking":[125],"manned":[127],"submersible":[128],"example,":[131],"different":[135],"difficult":[136],"tasks":[137],"identified,":[139],"evaluated,":[140],"classified.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}