{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410590569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060808","title":"The Detection of Maize Leaf Disease Based on an Improved Real-Time Detection Transformer Model","display_name":"The Detection of Maize Leaf Disease Based on an Improved Real-Time Detection Transformer Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410590569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/808/pdf?version=1747923938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/808/pdf?version=1747923938","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048200389","display_name":"Jianbin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198645480","display_name":"North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/03acrzv41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianbin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-2138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100540213","display_name":"Zhenghao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6948-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198645480","display_name":"North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/03acrzv41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6948-3003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengqi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4182-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198645480","display_name":"North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/03acrzv41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengqi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4182-1224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022044383","display_name":"Linyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8237-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198645480","display_name":"North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/03acrzv41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Meijia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3286-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198645480","display_name":"North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/03acrzv41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meijia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3286-9236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048200389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198645480"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":3.8227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92509523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"808","last_page":"808"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5123633146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4684586226940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32329249382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11289814114570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.094763845205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.06893837451934814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5123633146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4684586226940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32329249382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11289814114570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.094763845205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.06893837451934814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/808/pdf?version=1747923938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17060808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/808/pdf?version=1747923938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410590569.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410590569.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2921029329","https://openalex.org/W3005607320","https://openalex.org/W3092128289","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4312960790","https://openalex.org/W4383425820","https://openalex.org/W4386071462","https://openalex.org/W4393157004","https://openalex.org/W4399401701","https://openalex.org/W4400369013","https://openalex.org/W4400556325","https://openalex.org/W4401229275","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4404659956","https://openalex.org/W4405523317","https://openalex.org/W4409441216","https://openalex.org/W6870875815","https://openalex.org/W6875271952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maize":[0],"is":[1,10,29,84,140],"one":[2],"of":[3,26,45,73,81,119,137,148,175,181,185],"the":[4,21,42,54,98,111,116,124,134,138,145,149,157,161,168,192,197],"most":[5],"important":[6],"global":[7],"crops.":[8],"It":[9],"highly":[11],"susceptible":[12],"to":[13,85,191,208],"diseases":[14,28,47],"during":[15,215],"its":[16,219],"growth":[17],"process,":[18],"meaning":[19],"that":[20,167],"timely":[22],"detection":[23,60,179],"and":[24,53,70,109,121,127,151,160,177,187,217],"prevention":[25],"maize":[27,77],"critically":[30],"important.":[31],"However,":[32],"simple":[33],"deep":[34],"learning":[35],"classification":[36],"tasks":[37],"do":[38],"not":[39],"allow":[40],"for":[41],"accurate":[43],"identification":[44],"multiple":[46],"present":[48],"in":[49,123,212],"a":[50,104,153,178,209],"single":[51],"leaf,":[52],"existing":[55],"RT-DETR":[56,93,194],"(Real-Time":[57],"Detection":[58],"Transformer)":[59],"methods":[61],"suffer":[62],"from":[63],"issues":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"excessive":[67],"model":[68,96,139,150,158,171],"parameters":[69],"inaccurate":[71],"recognition":[72],"multi-scale":[74],"features":[75],"on":[76],"leaves.":[78],"The":[79,95],"aim":[80],"this":[82],"paper":[83],"address":[86],"these":[87],"challenges":[88],"by":[89,102,204],"proposing":[90],"an":[91,173],"improved":[92,170],"model.":[94,195],"enhances":[97],"feature":[99,112],"extraction":[100],"capability":[101],"introducing":[103],"DAttention":[105],"(Deformable":[106],"Attention)":[107],"module":[108],"optimizes":[110],"fusion":[113],"process":[114],"through":[115],"symmetry":[117,155],"structure":[118],"spatial":[120],"channel":[122],"SCConv":[125],"(Spatial":[126],"Channel":[128],"Reconstruction":[129],"Convolution)":[130],"module.":[131],"In":[132],"addition,":[133],"backbone":[135],"network":[136],"reconfigured,":[141],"which":[142],"effectively":[143],"reduces":[144],"parameter":[146,162,199],"size":[147,200],"achieves":[152,172],"balanced":[154],"between":[156],"precision":[159,180],"count.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"proposed":[169],"mAP@0.5":[174],"92.0%":[176],"89.2%,":[182],"representing":[183],"improvements":[184],"7.3%":[186],"8.4%,":[188],"respectively,":[189],"compared":[190],"original":[193],"Additionally,":[196],"model\u2019s":[198],"has":[201],"been":[202],"reduced":[203],"18.9":[205],"M,":[206],"leading":[207],"substantial":[210],"decrease":[211],"resource":[213],"consumption":[214],"deployment":[216],"underscoring":[218],"extensive":[220],"application":[221],"potential.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}