{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410581314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050802","title":"Assessment of the Measured Mixing Time in a Water Model of Asymmetrical Gas-Stirred Ladle with a Low Gas Flowrate Part II: Effect of the Salt Solution Tracer Volume and Concentration","display_name":"Assessment of the Measured Mixing Time in a Water Model of Asymmetrical Gas-Stirred Ladle with a Low Gas Flowrate Part II: Effect of the Salt Solution Tracer Volume and Concentration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410581314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17050802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/5/802/pdf?version=1747839323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/5/802/pdf?version=1747839323","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010077387","display_name":"Yansong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2553-4765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yansong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624769","display_name":"Xin Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-9068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101546110","display_name":"Linbo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linbo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101126705","display_name":"Zhijie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-9727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073514142","display_name":"Hongyu Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-4516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087919823","display_name":"Jia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2213-6203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Architecture and Arts, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Architecture and Arts, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058780924","display_name":"Kun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-2371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101007622","display_name":"Wanming Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanming Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113265906","display_name":"Jinping Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9070-8310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408313","display_name":"Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-1127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100408313","https://openalex.org/A5113265906"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.8052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93382856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"802","last_page":"802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11126","display_name":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11126","display_name":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracer","display_name":"TRACER","score":0.7673168182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-flow-rate","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","score":0.6782538890838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.6651246547698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.6472359895706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ladle","display_name":"Ladle","score":0.6284463405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-model","display_name":"Water model","score":0.5129215717315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.48030203580856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.4324477016925812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.39870569109916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.3951321244239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.361941397190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09664914011955261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.7673168182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.6782538890838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6651246547698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6472359895706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780146601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969588","display_name":"Ladle","level":2,"score":0.6284463405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119049451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318070","display_name":"Water model","level":3,"score":0.5129215717315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48030203580856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4324477016925812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.39870569109916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3951321244239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.361941397190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09664914011955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147597530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472","display_name":"Computational chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59593255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663","display_name":"Molecular dynamics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17050802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/5/802/pdf?version=1747839323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17050802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/5/802/pdf?version=1747839323","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410581314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410581314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543838888","https://openalex.org/W1971562256","https://openalex.org/W1971928157","https://openalex.org/W1999157936","https://openalex.org/W2006424373","https://openalex.org/W2008364692","https://openalex.org/W2009847101","https://openalex.org/W2018886225","https://openalex.org/W2029025133","https://openalex.org/W2038891641","https://openalex.org/W2046780054","https://openalex.org/W2047860820","https://openalex.org/W2052455860","https://openalex.org/W2065044956","https://openalex.org/W2070493031","https://openalex.org/W2070816198","https://openalex.org/W2074110695","https://openalex.org/W2089910739","https://openalex.org/W2094023808","https://openalex.org/W2123687164","https://openalex.org/W2124046536","https://openalex.org/W2129204364","https://openalex.org/W2138683915","https://openalex.org/W2148182733","https://openalex.org/W2150769894","https://openalex.org/W2158891510","https://openalex.org/W2373437837","https://openalex.org/W2469808357","https://openalex.org/W2522944026","https://openalex.org/W2524631087","https://openalex.org/W2565264246","https://openalex.org/W2757772011","https://openalex.org/W2768658906","https://openalex.org/W2884250148","https://openalex.org/W2917952393","https://openalex.org/W2956114051","https://openalex.org/W2981659948","https://openalex.org/W3014047870","https://openalex.org/W3016862192","https://openalex.org/W3037058077","https://openalex.org/W3080620479","https://openalex.org/W3117457191","https://openalex.org/W3130308541","https://openalex.org/W3161986667","https://openalex.org/W3194500531","https://openalex.org/W3211997276","https://openalex.org/W3215160382","https://openalex.org/W4205455879","https://openalex.org/W4206368409","https://openalex.org/W4220733180","https://openalex.org/W4220804288","https://openalex.org/W4220836359","https://openalex.org/W4231437111","https://openalex.org/W4280541565","https://openalex.org/W4283206879","https://openalex.org/W4291017620","https://openalex.org/W4293740343","https://openalex.org/W4299956677","https://openalex.org/W4307402057","https://openalex.org/W4309742807","https://openalex.org/W4317721608","https://openalex.org/W4317879890","https://openalex.org/W4317931272","https://openalex.org/W4360614969","https://openalex.org/W4361219412","https://openalex.org/W4365452048","https://openalex.org/W4378417064","https://openalex.org/W4378878681","https://openalex.org/W4387140222","https://openalex.org/W4388266292","https://openalex.org/W4388705264","https://openalex.org/W4389353021","https://openalex.org/W4390339578","https://openalex.org/W4390539912","https://openalex.org/W4391751010","https://openalex.org/W4391843359","https://openalex.org/W4393066649","https://openalex.org/W4396731813","https://openalex.org/W4396976517","https://openalex.org/W4402750768","https://openalex.org/W4403818505","https://openalex.org/W4404058701","https://openalex.org/W4407240401","https://openalex.org/W6632551629","https://openalex.org/W6659850327","https://openalex.org/W6669447851","https://openalex.org/W6678314704","https://openalex.org/W6843926669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3194500531","https://openalex.org/W2016404903","https://openalex.org/W4402406788","https://openalex.org/W2332713089","https://openalex.org/W2373430224","https://openalex.org/W3018912731","https://openalex.org/W2890839261","https://openalex.org/W1611178421","https://openalex.org/W2389422936","https://openalex.org/W2359254173"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mixing":[0],"time,":[1],"as":[2],"a":[3,101,110,115,123,166,250,272,293],"key":[4],"parameter":[5],"for":[6,303],"evaluating":[7],"ladle":[8,28,102,342],"refining":[9],"efficiency,":[10],"has":[11],"long":[12],"attracted":[13],"extensive":[14],"attention":[15],"from":[16],"researchers.":[17],"In":[18],"typical":[19],"experimental":[20],"studies,":[21],"salt":[22,92],"solution":[23,93],"tracers":[24],"are":[25,65,82],"introduced":[26],"into":[27],"water":[29,103,117],"models":[30],"to":[31,131,212,310,321],"assess":[32],"the":[33,38,45,52,57,88,91,97,142,153,157,172,177,195,200,209,214,223,228,232,235,241,261,279,291,322,331,337,341],"degree":[34],"of":[35,47,90,231,298],"mixing":[36,54,98,128,148,158,281,287,315,338],"within":[37],"ladle.":[39,126,233],"Previous":[40],"studies":[41,64],"have":[42],"demonstrated":[43],"that":[44,141,329],"volume":[46,95,146,155,174,237,296],"tracer":[48,94,133,145,154,173,196,224,236,295,332],"can":[49],"significantly":[50,269],"influence":[51],"measured":[53],"time.":[55],"However,":[56],"gas":[58,79,107,112,210,256,274,305],"flow":[59,80,113,257,275,306,323],"rates":[60,81],"employed":[61],"in":[62,70,100],"these":[63],"generally":[66],"relatively":[67,335],"high,":[68],"whereas,":[69],"industrial":[71,125],"operations,":[72],"especially":[73],"during":[74],"final":[75],"composition":[76],"adjustments,":[77],"lower":[78,270],"often":[83],"applied.":[84],"To":[85],"systematically":[86],"investigate":[87],"effect":[89],"on":[96,122,290],"efficiency":[99],"model":[104,118],"under":[105,271],"asymmetrical":[106],"stirring":[108],"with":[109,254,318],"low":[111,273,304],"rate,":[114],"1:3-scaled":[116],"was":[119,175,193,221,268,283,326,334],"developed":[120],"based":[121],"130-ton":[124],"The":[127,138],"behaviors":[129],"corresponding":[130],"different":[132],"volumes":[134],"were":[135],"comprehensively":[136],"analyzed.":[137],"results":[139],"indicate":[140],"relationship":[143],"between":[144],"and":[147,162,202,205,278,313],"time":[149,159,282,316],"is":[150,301],"non-monotonic.":[151],"As":[152],"increases,":[156,164],"first":[160],"decreases":[161],"then":[163,206],"reaching":[165],"minimum":[167],"at":[168,181,244,264],"185":[169],"mL.":[170],"When":[171,234],"small,":[176],"dimensionless":[178],"concentration":[179,242,263,333],"curves":[180,243],"Monitoring":[182,245,265],"Point":[183,246,266],"4":[184,247],"exhibited":[185,249],"two":[186],"distinct":[187],"patterns:":[188],"A":[189,217],"parabolic":[190],"profile,":[191,219],"which":[192,220],"when":[194,222,330],"initially":[197],"moved":[198],"through":[199],"left":[201],"central":[203],"regions":[204],"slowly":[207],"crossed":[208],"plume":[211],"reach":[213],"monitoring":[215],"point.":[216],"sinusoidal":[218,251],"predominantly":[225],"circulated":[226],"along":[227],"right":[229],"side":[230],"exceeded":[238],"277":[239],"mL,":[240],"consistently":[248],"pattern.":[252],"Compared":[253],"moderate":[255],"conditions":[258,307],"(8.3":[259],"L/min),":[260,277],"peak":[262],"3":[267],"(2.3":[276,308],"overall":[280],"longer,":[284],"indicating":[285],"reduced":[286],"efficiency.":[288],"Based":[289],"findings,":[292],"recommended":[294],"range":[297],"185\u2013277":[299],"mL":[300],"proposed":[302],"L/min)":[309],"achieve":[311],"accurate":[312],"efficient":[314],"measurements":[317],"minimal":[319],"disturbance":[320],"field.":[324],"It":[325],"also":[327],"observed":[328],"low,":[336],"behavior":[339],"throughout":[340],"became":[343],"more":[344],"uniform.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}